Non-Cochrane · other · PM41464810
Bias, Study Quality, and Confounding in Temporomandibular Disorder Research Compared to General Orthodontic Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Baxmann Martin, Zsoldos Márton, Kárpáti Krisztina · Journal of clinical medicine · 2025 · PubMed · doi:10.3390/jcm14248907
Findings
38 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Spin 4 (recommend treatment despite non-significant results) | OR 2.83 [1.68, 4.78] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Followed reporting guidelines | OR 0.38 [0.21, 0.69] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Confounders considered | OR 0.49 [0.2, 1.16] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Spin 5 (trend toward significance language) | OR 0.0 GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Spin 2 (claim efficacy despite non-significant results) | OR 1.14 [0.34, 3.78] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Registered protocol/trial | OR 0.15 [0.07, 0.3] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Risk of bias discussed | OR 1.56 [0.56, 4.33] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Funding source noted | OR 2.18 [0.64, 7.46] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Total spin score (5 indicators) | OR 1.05 [0.68, 1.62] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Spin 1 (focus on significant results only) | OR 0.0 GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Spin 3 (acknowledge non-significant results but emphasize benefit) | OR 4.62 [1.9, 11.22] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials | Total transparency score (5 indicators) | OR 0.58 [0.34, 0.99] GRADE not reported 874 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Spin 5 (trend toward significance language) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 5.4 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Spin 2 (claim efficacy despite non-significant results) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 7.9 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Spin 1 (focus on significant results only) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 65.5 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Spin 3 (acknowledge non-significant results but emphasize benefit) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 37.0 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Followed reporting guidelines (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 71.4 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Registered protocol/trial (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 55.5 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Total spin score, adjusted predicted proportion | Predicted proportion 0.305 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Total transparency score, adjusted predicted proportion | Predicted proportion 0.821 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Risk of bias discussed (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 69.0 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Confounders considered (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 83.6 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Funding source noted (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 50.6 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Spin 4 (recommend treatment despite non-significant results) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 31.0 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: general orthodontic trials (n=840) | Not reported | None | Total transparency score, mean | Mean score 0.66 GRADE not reported 840 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Spin 2 (claim efficacy despite non-significant results) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 8.8 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Spin 3 (acknowledge non-significant results but emphasize benefit) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 73.5 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Total transparency score, adjusted predicted proportion | Predicted proportion 0.729 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Spin 1 (focus on significant results only) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 0.0 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Total transparency score, mean | Mean score 0.62 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Followed reporting guidelines (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 58.8 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Confounders considered (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 73.5 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Funding source noted (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 70.6 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Registered protocol/trial (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 26.5 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Spin 5 (trend toward significance language) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 0.0 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Total spin score, adjusted predicted proportion | Predicted proportion 0.315 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Risk of bias discussed (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 79.4 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Published peer-reviewed orthodontic randomized or controlled clinical trials: tmd/tmj-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) | Not reported | None | Spin 4 (recommend treatment despite non-significant results) (prevalence) | Prevalence (%) 55.9 GRADE not reported 34 studies |
Included primary studies 777
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 7 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 5 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhang 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 3 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhang 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Agarwal 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Ibrahim 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alam 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Araujo 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Benson 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bhatia 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El-Timamy 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elaut 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Freitas 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghaffar 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gupta et al. 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Guram 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hadler-Olsen 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hussein 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Iwasaki 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jain 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jain 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Johansson 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Katchooi 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Klepzig et al. 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liang 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mousavi 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Park 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pham 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Reyes Pacheco 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shah 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sharma et al. 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shen 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sonesson 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tran 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Trimpeneers 1996 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Uysal 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Withayanukonkij 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abate 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abd El-Ghafour 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abd Elhafeez 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abd ElMotaleb 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abdelnaby 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abdelrahman 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abdul Jabbar 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abdul-Aziz 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abdulhadi 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abo-Elmahasen 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abohabib 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aboshady 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aboul-Ela 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Acar 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Afshari et al. 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ağlarcı 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmed 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmed et al. 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Akcam 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aksakalli 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al Maaitah 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al Maaitah 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al Quran 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al Shayeb 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-A’athal 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Dumaini 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Ibrahim 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Jundi 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Khateeb 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Maaitah 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Nadawi 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Naoum 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Sibaie 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Twaijri 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alali 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alam 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alam 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alam 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alawy 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Albertin 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alcan 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alfaifi 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alfailany 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alfawal 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alhayek et al. 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alikhani 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alio-Sanz 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aljubouri 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alkan 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alkan 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alkebsi 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Almaasarani 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Almeida 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aloise 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| AlQabandi 1999 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alqadasi 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alqahtani 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alqaisi 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alsaeed 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alsaeedi 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alsawaf 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alsilq 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Altındiş 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Altug-Atac 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alzabibi 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alzahawi 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alzainal 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Amaya González 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ambroise 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ammar 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Amuk 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Angel 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aras 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aras 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aras 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arash 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Araújo 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arici 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Armas Galindo 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Armi 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arora 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Artun 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arya Jayavarma 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ashari 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ashok 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aslan 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aslan 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Atalay 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Atik 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Atik 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Attia 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Babanouri 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Baccetti 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Baccetti 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Baccetti 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Badran 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bajaj 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bakr 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Baldini 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Banks 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bansal 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Baratieri Cda 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barlin 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barone 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barrett 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barry 1995 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barsoum 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bashir 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bauer 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Baysal 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Baysal 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bazargani 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bazargani 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bazargani 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Benson 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Berger 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bergmann et al. 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bhattacharya 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bilbo 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bishara 1995 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bishara 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bolla 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bongaarts 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bongaarts 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bovali 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Brandão 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Brunetto 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bruni 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Burhan 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Burrow 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cacciafesta 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cacciafesta 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cacciatore 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cal-Neto 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Calil 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Campbell 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Campoy 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Canan 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Canturk 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Canuto 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Celar 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Celenk-Koca 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cengiz 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cerruto 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cetinsahin 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cevidanes 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cevidanes 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chang 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Christidis et al. 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cimino et al. 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Costa et al. 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Czolgosz 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| da Costa Monini 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| da Costa Monini 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| da Silva 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dalstra 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Davami 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Davidovitch 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Davidovitch 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Davoody 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| De Almeida 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| de Almeida 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| De Clerck 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| de Oliveira 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| De Saeytijd 1994 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Deforest 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Deguchi 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Deguchi 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Desai 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Deshpande 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Devi et al. 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dholakia 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| DiBiase 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| DiBiase 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| DiBiase 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| DiBiase 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dinçer 2000 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dindaroğlu 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dirie 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dixon 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dolce 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| dos Santos-Pinto 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dritsas 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eden 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Edman Tynelius 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Edman Tynelius 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Edman Tynelius 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Edwards 1988 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Efstratiadis 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Egli 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eissa 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ekberg & Nilner 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ekberg et al. 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El Namrawy 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El-Angbawi 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El-Dawlatly 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El-Medawar 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elekdag-Turk 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elhanouty 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elkordy 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elkordy 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elnagar 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Erbay 1995 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ercoli 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Erdur 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eross 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eurutairat 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Evans 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Façanha 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Faik Sahin 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Falcao 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Farhadian 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Farhadian 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Farhangfar 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Farid 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Farouk 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Feldmann 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fernandes 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ferrari 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fischer 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fleming 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fleming 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fleming 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fleming 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Flieger 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Flores-Mir 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Forde 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fouda 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Franchi 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Franco 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Freeman 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Friesen 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Frilund 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Frye 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Furquim 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ganzer 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Garcia 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Garfinkle 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gaworski 1999 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gelgor 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gencer 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gera 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Geran 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Germeç 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Germec-Cakan 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghafari 1995 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghafari 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghaleb 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghislanzoni 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghorbanyjavadpour 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghozy 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gibreal 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gibreal 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gill 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gillgrass 2001 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Giuntini 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Godoy 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Godt 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Golshah 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gomes 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gopalakrishnan 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Goracci 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gorton 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gorucu-Coskuner 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Goymen 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gravina 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Groody 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Grünheid 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Grünheid 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Guimarães 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gulduren 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gunay 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Günes 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gupta et al. 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hägglund 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Halıcıoğlu 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hamata et al. 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hansson 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Harris 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Harrison 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hasan 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hassan 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hassan 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hegarty 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hegele 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Heino 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hemmatpour 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hennessy 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Heravi 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Herrera Sanches 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hichens 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hino 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hodges 2001 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| House 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Huth et al. 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Idris 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ileri 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Illing 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Impellizzeri 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Imran Khan 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ince-Bingol 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Innes 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ioshida 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ireland 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ireland 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ireland 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Irvine 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Isci 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ismail 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Isola 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Iswariya 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Izquierdo 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jaber 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jackers 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jäderberg 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jahanbakhshi 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jahanbin 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jamilian 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Janson 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Janson 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Janson 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jasim 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jena 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jivrajani 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Johal 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Johansson 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jokstad et al. 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jolley 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Joseph 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Julku 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jung 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jung 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jung 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kajiyama 2000 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kajiyama 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kaklamanos 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kang 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kaptaç 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Karadeniz 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Karadeniz 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Karamouzos 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Katyayan et al. 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kaya 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kayalar 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Keng 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Keski-Nisula 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kharb 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khatib 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khattab 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khera 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khlef 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khwanda et al. 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kiliaridis 1990 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kiliç 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kilic 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| King 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kinzinger 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kono 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Korbmacher 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kosyreva 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Koudstaal 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Koupis 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kravitz 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Krishnajith 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Krishnan 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Krusinskiene 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kucera 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kula 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar Maurya et al. 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kuroda 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kurt 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kuttila et al. 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Laganà 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lagravère 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lagravère 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lalnunpuii 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lamparski 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Laspos 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Leethanakul 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Leite 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Leite 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Letti 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liang 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liao 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lill 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lima 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Limpanichkul 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lione 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lione 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lione 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lippold 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lippold 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lisson 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Little 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Littlewood 2001 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lo Giudice 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lombardo 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lombardo 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Londhe Brig SM 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lovius 1987 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Luzi 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Łyczek 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Magdi 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mahmoudzadeh 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Majanni 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mandall 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mandall 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mandall 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mani et al. 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Manni 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Manning 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mäntysaari 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Marañón-Vásquez 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Marins Bde 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Martina 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Martina 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Martins 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Martires 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Massaro 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Masucci 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Masucci 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Matilainen 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Matys 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Maurya 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mavreas 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mavropoulos 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mayama 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mazzetto et al. 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| McDonagh 2001 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Meral 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Meyns 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mezomo 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Miamoto 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Miao 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Migliorati 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Migliorati 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Migliorati 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Miles 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mirabella 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Miranda 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Miresmæili 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mistry 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mittal 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Moghaddam 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mohammed 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mohammed-Salih 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mohd Tahir 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Montasser 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Montenegro 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Moqadam 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mordente 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Moresca 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Morris 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mosleh 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mossaz 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mousa 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mousa 2023 Management of anembryonic pregnancy loss: an observational study. PMID:20231000 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mowafy 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mucedero 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mucedero 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Murfitt 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Myrlund 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Myrlund 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nabbat 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nagani 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nagrik 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nahas 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nakawah 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Namera 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nandan 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nandhra 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Naoumova 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Naoumova 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Naqvi 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Naraghi 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Naraghi 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nasser 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nayyer 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nazir 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nelson 2000 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nelson 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ngan 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nightingale 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ning 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nitecka-Buchta et al. 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Noble 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nordstrom 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Norevall 1996 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Norman 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Noverraz 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| O’Brien 1989 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| O’Brien 1990 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| O’Brien 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| O’Brien 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| O’Dywer 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| O’Grady 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| O’Neill 2000 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| O’Rourke 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oeiras 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oginski 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oliveira 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oliveira et al. 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oncag 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ortu 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ortu 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ottaviano 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ousehal 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ouyang 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Owais 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ozbilek 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ozer 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ozkan 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ozkan 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Özsoy 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pacha 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pacha 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Padula 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Paetyangkul 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Paetyangkul 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Palagi 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pandis 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pandis 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pandis 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pandis 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pandis 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pandis 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pandis 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pangrazio-Kulbersh 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Paoloni 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Papadopoulos 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Parekh 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Parihar 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Parkin 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Parkin 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Paschos 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pasquale 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Patnaik 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Patterson 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Paul 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pavlow 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pavoni 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pavoni 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pedrin 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Penning 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pereira 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pérignon 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Petrén 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Petrén 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Petsos 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pettemerides 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pham 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Phelan 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Phermsang-Ngarm 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Picanço 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pihut et al. 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pini Prato 2000 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pirttiniemi 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pithon 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ponduri 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Prahl 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Prathapan Santhakumari 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Priya 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pullisaar 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Puttaravuttiporn 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Qudeimat 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Quintão 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Radwan 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Raghav 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Raghis 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rahman Raihan 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ram & Shah 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ramoglu 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ravi 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Raviteja 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Raza 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rebellato 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Reichert 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Reis 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Reiss 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rizzo 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rossato 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rowland 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Russell 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saha et al. 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saleh 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saleh 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Salehi 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Samantha 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sandhu 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sandler 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sandler 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sangwattanarat 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sari 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sarul 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sarul 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sawicka 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Schätzle 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Schneider 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Schulz 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Schutz-Fransson 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Schütze 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Schwärzler 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Scribante 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Scribante 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sebastian 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sebastian 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Seehra 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Seiryu 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Senışık 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Serafim 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Serrano-Velasco 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sfondrini 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sfondrini 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sfondrini 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shaadouh 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shaadouh 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shah 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shahbodaghi 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shahid 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shahrin 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shakhtour 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sharma 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shaughnessy 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shawesh 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shim 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Showkatbakhsh 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Showkatbakhsh 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shundo 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sigler 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Signorelli 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silvola 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Simre 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Singh 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sinha 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Siriphan 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sloss 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Soares Ueno 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Soldanova 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sollenius 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sonesson 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sreenivasagan 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Stephens 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Stivaros 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Störmann 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sueri 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sultana 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Summers 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sunna 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sunna 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Suzuki 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tacken 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Talic 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Talic 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Taner 2000 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tang 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tawfik 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tecco et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tehranchi 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Telatar 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Theerasopon 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Thickett 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Thind 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Thiruvenkatachari 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Thiyagarajah 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Toodehzaeim 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Torres 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tortop 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tortop 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Toyokawa-Sperandio 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Trenouth 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tulloch 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tulloch 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tunçer 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Turner 1993 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ugolini 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ugolini 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ulhaq 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ulusoy 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ummat 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Upadhyay 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Üretürk 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Uribe 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Usmani 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Uysal 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Uzel 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vaheed 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vaida 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Valencia 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| van Grootel et al. 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Varga 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Varlik 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Varlik 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Verstrynge 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Victor 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vijayakumar 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Villalobos 2000 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Virkkula 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| von Bremen 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vongtiang 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vrbanović & Alajbeg 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wahab 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wahlund et al. 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Waldenström 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ward 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Weiland 1996 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Weiland 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Weissheimer 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wen-Ching Ko 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wenger 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| West 1995 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wheeler 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wieczorek 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wiedel 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Willems 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Williams 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wilmes 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wong 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wong 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Woodhouse 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Woods 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wortham 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yaqoob 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yassaei 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yassaei 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yassir 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yilmaz 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Younes 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zeitounlouian 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zheng 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhifang 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zimmer 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Human clinical orthodontic research published in peer-reviewed journals | 874 included trials (840 general orthodontic, 34 TMD/TMJ-focused) |
| Intervention | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials | TMD/TMJ-focused orthodontic trials (n=34) |
| Comparison | General orthodontic trials | General orthodontic trials (n=840) |
| Outcomes | Five transparency indicators (funding disclosure, bias discussion, confounder consideration, protocol registration, reporting-guideline adherence) and five spin indicators coded dichotomously | Composite and item-level transparency and spin scores |
| Study designs | RCTs (parallel, split-mouth, crossover, cluster), quasi-randomized trials, prospective controlled clinical trials | Orthodontic RCTs and controlled trials (n=874) |
| Timing | Earliest records to 15 October 2025 | Not specified |