Non-Cochrane · prognostic · PM42778253
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in South and Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology and associated factors.
Rahman Mantaka, Saha Tamal, Nayeem Md Abu Jaher, et al. · BMJ open · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118140
Findings
94 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Sahadevan et al. 2008 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 6] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Region: Southeast Asia | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 6] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 18025 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Country: Singapore | Prevalence (%) 1.27 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Setting: urban | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 4] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 44947 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Nepal et al. 2018 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 4] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Shaji 2005 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .05] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 4] GRADE not reported 13 studies · 56340 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based | Prevalence .02 [.01, .04] GRADE not reported 13 studies · 56340 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Chandra et al. 1998 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 5] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Shaji et al. 2005 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 5] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Tiwari et al. 2013 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 4] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Dominguez et al. 2018 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 4] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Sex: female | Prevalence (%) 1 [0, 2] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 52568 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Study period: before 2000 | Prevalence (%) 1 [0, 2] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 31897 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Vas et al. 2001 | Prevalence (%) 4 [2, 6] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Noreen 2018 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .03] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Setting: rural | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 11] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 8639 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Nepal et al. 2018 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 4] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Seetlani 2016 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .04] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Dementia prevalence Population-based · Univariate meta-regression: Sample size per 1000 | BETA -.094 [-.370, .182] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Kua et al. 1995 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 4] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Silva et al. 2003 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 4] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Chandra 1998 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .05] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Dementia prevalence Population-based · Univariate meta-regression: Age | BETA .123 [-.181, .427] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Dominguez 2018 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .04] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Vascular dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia | Prevalence (%) 1 [0, 1] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 50045 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Kua et al. 1998 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 5] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Univariate meta-regression: Sample size per 1000 | BETA -.130 [-.290, -.030] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Tiwari 2013 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .04] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Shaji et al. 2005 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 5] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Univariate meta-regression: mNOS score | BETA -.185 [-1.934, 1.565] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Setting: both urban and rural | Prevalence (%) 5 [1, 35] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 2754 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Region: South Asia | Prevalence (%) 3 [1, 6] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 37495 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Dementia prevalence Population-based · Univariate meta-regression: Female sex | BETA -.021 [-.181, .427] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Dominguez et al. 2018 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 4] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Nepal 2018 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .04] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Mathuranath 2010 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .04] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Dementia prevalence Population-based · Univariate meta-regression: mNOS score | BETA -1.025 [-4.039, 1.988] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Tiwari et al. 2013 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 5] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Sahadevan 2008 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .05] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 5] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 55520 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Mathuranath et al. 2012 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 5] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Study period: 2000 to 2010 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 3] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 21624 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Vas et al. 2001 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 5] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Mathuranath et al. 2010 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 4] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Vascular dementia prevalence Population-based · Common effect | Prevalence .01 [.01, .01] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 50045 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Kua 1995 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .04] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Country: Pakistan | Prevalence (%) 9.21 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Seetlani et al. 2016 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 5] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Chandra et al. 1998 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 6] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Income: HICs | Prevalence (%) 1 [1, 2] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 16658 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Vascular dementia prevalence Population-based · Random effects | Prevalence .01 [.00, .01] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 50045 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Univariate meta-regression: Female sex | BETA .014 [-.089, .118] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Region: Southeast Asia | Prevalence (%) 3 [1, 8] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 18025 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Wangtongkum et al. 2008 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 5] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Country: India | Prevalence (%) 1.69 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Wangtongkum 2008 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .05] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Region: South Asia | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 5] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 38315 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Sex-stratified pool (male and female strata combined; participants counted in both strata) | Prevalence (%) 1 [0, 1] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 105136 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Vascular dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Common-effect model | Prevalence (%) 1 [1, 1] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 50045 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Study period: after 2010 | Prevalence (%) 8 [5, 14] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 2819 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Sahadevan et al. 2008 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 5] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Wangtongkum et al. 2008 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 5] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Noreen et al. 2018 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 3] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Silva et al. 2003 | Prevalence (%) 3 [2, 5] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Leave-one-out: omitting Seetlani et al. 2016 | Prevalence (%) 2 [1, 4] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Income: LMICs | Prevalence (%) 3 [1, 6] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 39682 participants |
| Community/population-based adults (40 years or older) in South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Population-based, South and Southeast Asia · Sex: male | Prevalence (%) 1 [0, 1] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 52568 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Univariate meta-regression: Age | BETA .047 [-.129, .223] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Leave-one-out: omitted Silva 2003 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .04] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Patients attending memory or dementia clinics in Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Memory/dementia clinics (outpatient hospital services) · Common-effect model | Prevalence (%) 29 [28, 31] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 4435 participants |
| Patients attending memory or dementia clinics in Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Memory/dementia clinics (outpatient hospital services) | Prevalence (%) 68 [8, 98] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 4348 participants |
| Patients attending memory or dementia clinics in Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Alzheimer's disease (prevalence) Memory/dementia clinics (outpatient hospital services) | Prevalence (%) 29 [9, 62] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 4435 participants |
| Patients attending memory or dementia clinics in Southeast Asia | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | All-cause dementia (prevalence) Memory/dementia clinics (outpatient hospital services) · Common-effect model | Prevalence (%) 54 [53, 56] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 4348 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Dementia prevalence Population-based · South Asia | Prevalence .03 [.01, .06] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 37495 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · South Asia | Prevalence .02 [.01, .05] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 38315 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Dementia prevalence Population-based · Southeast Asia | Prevalence .03 [.01, .08] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 18025 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Southeast Asia | Prevalence .02 [.01, .06] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 18025 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Rural | Prevalence .02 [.01, .11] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 8639 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Urban | Prevalence .02 [.01, .04] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 44947 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Rural and urban | Prevalence .05 [.01, .35] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 2754 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Before 2000 | Prevalence .01 [.00, .02] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 31897 participants |
| People with Alzheimer's disease in the included studies, South and Southeast Asia | Not applicable (descriptive estimate) | Not applicable | Age at onset of Alzheimer's disease South and Southeast Asia Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Mean (years) 70.7 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · 2000–2010 | Prevalence .02 [.01, .03] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 21624 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Male | Prevalence .01 [.00, .01] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 52568 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Female | Prevalence .01 [.00, .02] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 52568 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Low- and middle-income countries | Prevalence .03 [.01, .06] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 39682 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · High-income countries | Prevalence .01 [.01, .02] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 16658 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Not reported | None | Alzheimer disease prevalence Population-based · Male and female pooled | Prevalence .01 [.00, .01] GRADE not reported 105136 participants |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Age ≥60 years | Reference group not specified | Alzheimer disease association | OR 3.98 [1.77, 8.99] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Female gender | Reference group not specified | Alzheimer disease association | OR 1.09 [.68, 1.74] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Family history | Reference group not specified | Alzheimer disease association | OR 2.28 [.11, 45.13] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Education ≤4 years | Reference group not specified | Alzheimer disease association | OR .78 [.48, 1.26] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Adults in South and Southeast Asia | Depression | Reference group not specified | Alzheimer disease association | OR .85 [.46, 1.57] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
Included primary studies 53
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tran 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chandra 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chandra 1998 Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in rural India: the Indo-US study. PMID:9781520 | 1998 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chandra 2001 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chandra 2001 Incidence of Alzheimer's disease in a rural community in India: the Indo-US study. PMID:11571321 | 2001 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Choudhury 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dominguez 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dominguez 2018 Prevalence of Dementia and Associated Risk Factors: A Population-Based Study in the Philippines. PMID:29710725 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fadzil 2024 The link between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease – Brunei context DOI:10.1016/j.aggp.2024.100097 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fadzil 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fitri 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ibrahim 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ibrahim 2021 Cardiovascular risk factors of Alzheimer's disease and other neurocognitive disorders in Malaysia. PMID:34031325 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kua 1995 Prevalence of dementia among elderly Chinese and Malay residents of Singapore. PMID:8821351 | 1995 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar 2021 Alzheimer's Disease and Its Association With Bone Health: A Case-Control Study. PMID:33842148 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Martande 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Martande 2014 Periodontal health condition in patients with Alzheimer's disease. PMID:25214647 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mathuranath 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mathuranath 2010 Dementia in Kerala, South India: prevalence and influence of age, education and gender. PMID:19621355 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mathuranath 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mathuranath 2012 Incidence of Alzheimer's disease in India: a 10 years follow-up study. PMID:23287326 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mushtaque 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nepal 2018 Prevalence of Dementia among Elderly Patients attending Psychiatry OPD of Tertiary Care Hospital and its Association with Socio… DOI:10.3126/jpan.v6i1.21766 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nepal 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Noreen 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Noreen 2018 Epidemiological Investigation of Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease in a Pakistani Population. PMID:30049934 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rifat 2025 Pattern and treatment of Alzheimer's disease at different health care levels in Bangladesh: a hospital based survey DOI:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20250302 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rifat 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Roy 2019 Demographic Pattern of Alzheimer’s Disease in Bangladesh DOI:10.3329/bjn.v35i1.57619 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Roy 2023 Dietary and Environmental Risk Factors in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease: A Semi-Quantitative Pilot Study. PMID:37179670 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rusjini 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sahadevan 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sahadevan 2008 Ethnic differences in Singapore's dementia prevalence: the stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and dementia in Singapore study. PMID:19016940 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Seetlani 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Seetlani 2016 Alzheimer and vascular dementia in the elderly patients. PMID:27882038 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shaji 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shaji 2005 Prevalence of dementia in an urban population in Kerala, India. PMID:15684237 | 2005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shrestha 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shrestha 2022 Plasma Vitamin B-12 Levels and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Case-Control Study. PMID:35155719 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2003 Prevalence of dementia in a semi-urban population in Sri Lanka: report from a regional survey. PMID:12891639 | 2003 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sultana 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tiwari 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tiwari 2013 Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity amongst the community dwelling rural older adults in northern India. PMID:24434257 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tran 2024 Prevalence of Geriatric Syndromes among Older Outpatients with Dementia. PMID:39473812 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Usman 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Usman 2010 Severity and risk factors of depression in Alzheimer's disease. PMID:20642926 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vas 2001 Prevalence of dementia in an urban Indian population. PMID:12003250 | 2001 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vipin 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vipin 2021 Dementia in Southeast Asia: influence of onset-type, education, and cerebrovascular disease. PMID:34847922 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wangtongkum 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wangtongkum 2008 Prevalence of dementia among population age over 45 years in Chiang Mai, Thailand. PMID:19127790 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| Bias, Study Quality, and Confounding in Temporomandibular Disorder Research Compared to General Orthodontic Studies: A Systematic Review… (2025) | 1 | 0.00 |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Adult/older populations of South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan) and Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam) with AD/ADRDs diagnosed by validated tools | 31 studies (30 independent populations): South Asia (n=21) and Southeast Asia (n=10); 13 population-based studies in the AD prevalence meta-analysis (N=56,340) and 12 in the dementia meta-analysis (N=55,520); memory clinic studies (n=4, N=4,435) |
| Intervention | Exposures: modifiable and non-modifiable risk and protective factors (e.g., age, sex, education, family history, lifestyle factors); prevalence estimation without an intervention | Prevalence (no intervention); pooled exposures: age 60 years or older (n=6), female sex (n=6), family history (n=2), education 4 years or less (n=5), depression (n=2) |
| Comparison | Unexposed or reference category of each factor; none for prevalence | Reference category of each exposure; none for prevalence |
| Outcomes | Prevalence, incidence, survival and mortality of AD/ADRDs; association (OR) between exposures and AD | Prevalence of dementia (n=12), AD (n=13), vascular dementia (n=10); memory clinic dementia (n=3) and AD (n=4); OR for AD by risk factor (n=2 to 6); pooled mean age at AD onset; incidence, severity and survival described narratively |
| Study designs | Population-based observational studies: cross-sectional, case-control and cohort | Cross-sectional (n=22), case-control (n=5), longitudinal (n=4) |
| Timing | Not specified | Studies conducted 1990 to 2024 (published 1995 to 2025) |