Non-Cochrane · prognostic · PM42046528
Global Prevalence of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Lonni Nicole, Rosa Tulio Silva, Pereira Camilla Kammer, et al. · Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1111/jop.70146
Findings
58 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Previous review (Mello 2018) studies only, excluding site-restricted studies | Prevalence (%) 4.04 [2.07, 6.62] GRADE not reported 21 studies · 308483 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: China (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 5.40 [0.00, 23.55] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 17905 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Sample source: Pathology department or laboratory (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 5.09 [3.62, 6.79] GRADE not reported 38 studies · 348298 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Previous review studies only (n=22), no exclusions | Prevalence (%) 4.42 [2.33, 7.13] GRADE not reported 22 studies · 308623 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Argentina (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 3.17 [1.64, 5.16] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 9791 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Geographic region: Asia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 5.44 [3.37, 7.96] GRADE not reported 35 studies · 3993638 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Poland (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 3.86 [1.49, 7.24] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 64762 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Portugal (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 5.99 [1.26, 13.89] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 4660 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Brazil (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 4.87 [3.20, 6.85] GRADE not reported 22 studies · 100278 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Sample source: University, medical or dental school (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 3.52 [1.74, 5.86] GRADE not reported 19 studies · 4376769 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Italy (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 6.66 [0.00, 29.80] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 4216 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Geographic region: Middle East (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 1.70 [0.73, 3.02] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 27399 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Geographic region: South America and Caribbean (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 5.21 [3.56, 7.13] GRADE not reported 36 studies · 298852 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Iran (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 1.55 [0.50, 3.12] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 26549 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Thailand (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 1.22 [0.12, 3.30] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 95589 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Geographic region: Europe (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 4.89 [2.85, 7.42] GRADE not reported 15 studies · 80908 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Venezuela (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 6.85 [0.67, 18.73] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 22416 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Saudi Arabia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 2.23 [0.29, 5.64] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 850 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: India (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 5.92 [3.17, 9.43] GRADE not reported 24 studies · 262206 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Overall, excluding studies restricted to a predefined anatomical site (main sensitivity analysis) | Prevalence (%) 4.67 [3.62, 5.84] GRADE not reported 96 studies · 8808614 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: USA (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.72 [0.00, 3.76] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 4407817 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Geographic region: North America (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.72 [0.00, 3.76] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 4407817 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Taiwan (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 5.26 [0.18, 16.59] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 3599486 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Additional (update) studies only, excluding site-restricted studies | Prevalence (%) 4.85 [3.65, 6.21] GRADE not reported 75 studies · 8500131 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Nepal (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 6.82 [1.00, 17.19] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 17423 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Additional studies only (n=86), no exclusions | Prevalence (%) 5.38 [4.12, 6.78] GRADE not reported 86 studies · 8717062 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Sample source: Hospital records (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 7.31 [3.09, 13.06] GRADE not reported 15 studies · 92236 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Sample source: Population-based (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 3.74 [2.03, 5.92] GRADE not reported 25 studies · 3991311 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) Country: Cuba (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 14.01 [0.18, 42.14] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 5842 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD) All 108 included studies (no exclusion of site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 5.17 [4.07, 6.40] GRADE not reported 108 studies · 9025685 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of homogeneous oral leukoplakia (HOL) Region: Asia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 3.84 [0.68, 9.39] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 17601 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral erythroplakia (OE) Region: Asia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.29 [0.03, 0.76] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 3404114 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral erythroplakia (OE) Region: South America and Caribbean (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.15 [0.04, 0.31] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 47597 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral leukoplakia (all) Region: South America and Caribbean (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 3.30 [2.15, 4.68] GRADE not reported 33 studies · 289720 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD reported as grouped lesions (OPMD grouped) Region: South America and Caribbean (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 2.55 [0.00, 17.11] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 40174 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of homogeneous oral leukoplakia (HOL) Region: Europe (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.26 [0.22, 0.30] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 59911 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of non-homogeneous oral leukoplakia (NHOL) Region: Asia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.13 [0.00, 0.44] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 61284 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of actinic cheilitis (AC) Region: Asia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.38 [0.00, 1.18] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 1002 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral leukoplakia (all) Region: Asia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 3.30 [1.98, 4.91] GRADE not reported 27 studies · 3643157 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of homogeneous oral leukoplakia (HOL) Region: South America and Caribbean (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 2.99 [1.05, 5.87] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 16746 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral leukoplakia (all) Region: Middle East (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 1.54 [0.50, 3.10] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 26549 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral erythroplakia (OE) Region: North America (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.01 [0.00, 0.10] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 4289605 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of OPMD reported as grouped lesions (OPMD grouped) Region: Asia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 1.66 [0.34, 3.91] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 399834 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of non-homogeneous oral leukoplakia (NHOL) Region: South America and Caribbean (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.42 [0.13, 0.85] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 31212 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) Region: Asia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.16 [0.00, 0.54] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 3408304 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) Region: Asia (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 3.06 [1.48, 5.17] GRADE not reported 22 studies · 3538807 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral leukoplakia (all) Region: Europe (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 3.66 [2.07, 5.67] GRADE not reported 14 studies · 80208 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral leukoplakia (all) Region: North America (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 1.80 [0.00, 12.81] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 4277396 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of actinic cheilitis (AC) Region: Europe (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 1.52 [0.37, 3.29] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 5042 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of oral erythroplakia (OE) Region: Europe (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.91 [0.00, 3.82] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 3675 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of actinic cheilitis (AC) Region: South America and Caribbean (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 2.48 [1.14, 4.28] GRADE not reported 20 studies · 78717 participants |
| Studied populations (population-based, hospital, pathology service and university samples) with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, excluding oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions | Not reported | None | Prevalence of non-homogeneous oral leukoplakia (NHOL) Region: Europe (excluding site-restricted studies) | Prevalence (%) 0.10 [0.07, 0.12] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 59911 participants |
| Patients with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD cases) | Not reported | None | Proportion of OPMD cases with epithelial dysplasia Epithelial dysplasia present | Proportion (%) 46.21 [31.73, 61.00] GRADE not reported 44 studies · 19753 participants |
| Patients with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD cases) | Not reported | None | Proportion of OPMD cases aged over 50 years Age over 50 years | Proportion (%) 68.10 [54.90, 80.01] GRADE not reported 23 studies · 10927 participants |
| Patients with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD cases) | Not reported | None | Proportion of OPMD cases who were female Female | Proportion (%) 37.03 [31.77, 42.43] GRADE not reported 60 studies · 26936 participants |
| Patients with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD cases) | Not reported | None | Proportion of OPMD cases aged under 50 years Age under 50 years | Proportion (%) 36.94 [24.53, 50.28] GRADE not reported 19 studies · 8628 participants |
| Patients with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD cases) | Not reported | None | Proportion of OPMD cases who were male Male | Proportion (%) 62.87 [57.30, 68.28] GRADE not reported 62 studies · 26982 participants |
| Patients with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD cases) | Not reported | None | Proportion of OPMD cases without epithelial dysplasia No epithelial dysplasia | Proportion (%) 36.75 [22.68, 51.97] GRADE not reported 44 studies · 19299 participants |
Included primary studies 194
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silva 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 2 other reviews | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Agrawal 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Gupta 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Souza 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Verma 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Agrawal 2021 Prevalence of Oral Sub Mucosal Fibrosis in Pre- Anesthesia Clinic in India: A Cross Sectional Observational Study DOI:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i38a32077 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahern 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| AlOsaimi 2023 Detection of oral mucosal lesions in tobacco and non-tobacco use patients: a case-control study DOI:10.24911/ijmdc.51-1698093851 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alosaimi 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Amarasinghe 2010 Betel-quid chewing with or without tobacco is a major risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka: A case-control… DOI:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.017 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Amarasinghe 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Anwar 2023 A Five Year Retrospective Study of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (Opmds) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and their… DOI:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_94_23 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Anwar 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Armelin 2019 Oral lesions detected during a population screening for prevention and early diagnosis of oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders DOI:10.5335/rfo.v24i3.9818 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Armelin 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Arruda 2021 Epidemiological survey of oral lesions diagnosed at a stomatology service DOI:10.20453/reh.v31i3.4044 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Azevedo 2021 Oral leukoplakia, leukoerythroplakia, erythroplakia and actinic cheilitis: Analysis of 953 patients focusing on oral epithelial dysplasia DOI:10.1111/jop.13183 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Azevedo 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Barros 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Barros 2020 A retrospective 11-year study on lip lesions attended at an oral diagnostic service. PMID:32040463 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bastakoti 2021 Clinico-pathological Spectrum of Oral Cavity Lesions at a Tertiary Care Center in Central Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study DOI:10.31729/jnma.5539 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bastokoti 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Bhattacharjee 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Bhattacharjee 2025 Habit-induced oral lesions in different occupations: A comparative study among people between geographical different places of West Bengal. PMID:39989574 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Blochowiak 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Błochowiak 2019 Benign tumours and tumour-like lesions in the oral cavity: a retrospective analysis. PMID:31998005 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Campisi 2001 Oral mucosal lesions and risk habits among men in an Italian study population DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0714.2001.300104.x | 2001 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Campisi 2001 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Casnati 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Cecotti 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Cesar 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Chiu 2021 Malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders in Taiwan DOI:10.1097/md.0000000000024934 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chiu 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Cigic 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Cigic 2023 Increased prevalence of oral potentially malignant lesions among Croatian War invalids, a cross-sectional study. PMID:37799755 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Collins 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Collins 2021 Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in an adult population from eight communities in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. PMID:35088812 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cordero 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Cordero-T 2020 Screening de Lesiones Orales Malignas y Potencialmente Malignas en Funcionarios de Universidad de Valparaíso y Universidad Viña del Mar… DOI:10.4067/s0718-381x2020000200172 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Costa 2021 What is the frequency of floor of the mouth lesions? A descritive study of 4,016 cases. PMID:34704985 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cunha 2023 A retrospective multicenter study of oral and maxillofacial lesions in older people DOI:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0098 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cunha 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Cury 2024 Occupational Exposure to Domestic Waste and oral Mucosal Lesions: a Cross-Sectional Study DOI:10.17921/2447-8938.2024v26n1p17-21 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cury 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Da Silva Arruda 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Dabla 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Daftary 1978 A study of the natural history of oral preleukoplakia DOI:10.3109/00016357809029083 | 1978 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Daftary 1978 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| De 2022 Oral biopsies in a Portuguese population: A 20-year clinicopathological study in a university clinic. PMID:36601247 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| De 2024 A survey of lip lesions diagnosed in a single institution: A clinicopathological study. PMID:39822786 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| De Almeida 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| De Souza 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Dhanuthai 2020 A Multicenter Study of Tongue Lesions from Thailand DOI:10.1055/s-0040-1713296 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dhanuthai 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Elango 2011 Mouth self-examination to improve oral cancer awareness and early detection in a high-risk population DOI:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.05.001 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elango 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Femopase 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Ferreira 2016 Prevalence and factors associated with oral potentially malignant disorders in Brazil's rural workers DOI:10.1111/odi.12488 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ferreira 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Ferreira 2024 Demographic and stomatological profiles of pacientes at the Instituto de Saúde de Nova Friburgo DOI:10.21726/rsbo.v21i1.2306 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ferreira 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Gambino 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Gambino 2017 A report on the clinical-pathological correlations of 788 gingival lesion. PMID:29053652 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| García 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Ghosh 2017 A Clinicopathologic and Epidemiologic Study of Chronic White Lesions in the Oral Mucosa DOI:10.1177/014556131709600804 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghosh 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Gómez 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Goutzanis 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Goutzanis 2022 Differential Retrospective Analysis in Oral Cancerous, Pre-cancerous, and Benign Tissue Biopsies. PMID:35572462 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Goyal 2021 Influence of Life Style Factors on Oral Potentially Malignant and Malignant Disorders: A Cross Sectional Study DOI:10.1007/s12070-020-02084-5 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Goyal 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Gupta 2022 Distribution of biopsied gingival lesions according to the proceedings from the 2017 World Workshop classification: A three-year… DOI:10.17219/dmp/141555 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gupta 2023 Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Mucosal Lesions and Normal Variants among Nepalese Population DOI:10.1155/2023/9375084 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gupta 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Haas 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Haas Junior 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Hóstio 2020 Oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders: a 12-year epidemiological and clinical analysis in a metropolitan region of northeastern… DOI:10.1007/s10389-019-01054-8 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hóstio 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Idris 2016 DOI:10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.2 | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Idris 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Iyer 2023 Clinical and histopathological correlation of oral malignancy and potentially malignant disorders based on a screening program at… DOI:10.3389/froh.2023.1286780 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Iyer 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Jahanbani 2003 Prevalence of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus in 1167 Iranian textile workers DOI:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2003.00967.x | 2003 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jahanbani 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Kalantari 2022 DOI:10.30476/dentjods.2021.90355.1487 | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kalantari 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Kalavathi 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Kalavathi 2023 A bird's-eye view of pathologist over diagnostic confusion of oral cavity lesions. PMID:37854899 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kamble 2017 Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Western Maharashtra: A Prospective Study DOI:10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_14_17 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kamble 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Kaugars 1999 Actinic cheilitis: A review of 152 cases DOI:10.1016/s1079-2104(99)70115-0 | 1999 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kaugars 1999 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Klongnoi 2021 Pilot Model for Community Based Oral Cancer Screening Program: Outcome from 4 Northeastern Provinces in Thailand DOI:10.3390/ijerph18179390 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Klongnoi 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Korkmaz 2020 Dermographic Properties And Correlation of Oral Mucosa Lesions with Dermatological Preliminary Diagnosis DOI:10.32448/entupdates.825640 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Korkmaz 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Kumar 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Kusiak 2020 The Analysis of the Frequency of Leukoplakia in Reference of Tobacco Smoking among Northern Polish Population DOI:10.3390/ijerph17186919 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kusiak 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Kuzio 2020 Oral epithelial dysplasia and oral cancer prevalence in routine white lesion biopsies – a 6-year retrospective study DOI:10.26444/jpccr/125393 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kuzio 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Lapthanasupkul 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Li 2021 Biopsied non-dental plaque-induced gingival diseases in a Chinese population: a single-institute retrospective study DOI:10.1186/s12903-021-01614-z | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Linares 2023 Active search screening for oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer in the city of Piracicaba DOI:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0015 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Linares 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Mala 2024 DOI:10.69605/ijlbpr_13.9.2024.77 | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mala 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Maleki 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Meenapriya 2020 Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders among adult population: A retrospective study DOI:10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4016 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Meenapriya 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Mehrotra 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Mello 2018 Intraoral Potentially Malignant Disorders in a Brazilian Oral Pathology Service: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Histopathological Findings DOI:10.1155/2018/2325808 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mello 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Mendez 2012 A 10-year study of specimens submitted to oral pathology laboratory analysis: lesion occurrence and demographic features DOI:10.1590/s1806-83242012000300009 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mendez 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Menon 2025 Prevalence and predictive risk factor analysis of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions among gond tribes of Bhopal DOI:10.4103/jorr.jorr_48_24 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Menon 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Misra 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Misra 2009 Changing pattern of oral cavity lesions and personal habits over a decade: hospital based record analysis from allahabad. PMID:20165626 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Modi 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Monteiro 2017 A comparative analysis of oral and maxillofacial pathology over a 16-year period, in the north of Portugal DOI:10.1111/idj.12258 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Monteiro 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Moret 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Moret 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Moret 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Moret 2014 Potent inhibitory activity of [D-Leu6, Des-Gly-NH2(10)]LHRH ethylamide on LH/hCG and PRL testicular receptor levels in the rat. PMID:201452 | 1977 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nethan 2021 Assessment of the Prevalence and Relationship of Tobacco Use and Associated Oral Lesions in an Urban Population of New Delhi: a… DOI:10.1007/s12262-021-03055-y | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nethan 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Ntomouchtsis 2010 Benign lip lesions. A 10-year retrospective study DOI:10.1007/s10006-009-0196-y | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ntomouchtsis 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Oliveira 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Onofrei 2024 Antioxidant effects of medicinal plants with applicability in Oro-Dental Medicine DOI:10.62610/rjor.2024.2.16.28 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Onofrei 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Oreamuno 2019 Análisis retrospectivo de las lesiones de la mucosa oral entre 2008-2015 en el internado clínico de odontología de la Universidad de Costa… DOI:10.15517/psm.v0i0.34404 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oreamuno 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Paiva 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Pandiar 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Pandiar 2023 Correlation Between Clinical and Histopathological Stagings of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Clinicopathological Cognizance of 238 Cases From… PMID:38125265 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pentenero 2008 The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in adults from the Turin area DOI:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01391.x | 2007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pentenero 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Pindborg 1971 Reverse Smoking in Andhra Pradesh, India: A Study of Palatal Lesions among 10,169 Villagers DOI:10.1038/bjc.1971.2 | 1971 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pindborg 1971 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Queiroz 2014 Clinical and histopathological evaluation and habits associated with the onset of oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia DOI:10.5935/1676-2444.20140008 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Queiroz 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Radwan-Oczko 2022 Prevalence and Characteristic of Oral Mucosa Lesions DOI:10.3390/sym14020307 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Radwan−Oczko 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Reddy 2018 Dermatologic Lesions Submitted to an Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Biopsy Service: An Analysis of 2487 Cases DOI:10.1007/s12105-018-0885-7 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Reddy 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Rodrigues 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Rodrigues 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Rodríguez 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saghravanian 2017 The Epidemiological Pattern of Premalignant and Malignant Epithelial Lesions in Northeast of Iran: A 43-Year Evaluation DOI:10.5812/ijcm.5403 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saghravanian 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Sahoo 2021 Premalignant and malignant lesions of oral cavity in eastern India: a hospital-based study DOI:10.1097/cej.0000000000000640 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sahoo 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Saiegh 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Sánchez 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Santos 2024 Temporal epidemiological profile of oral potentially malignant disorders in southern Brazil DOI:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2024.vol38.0132 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Santos 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Shafer 1975 Erythroplakia of the oral cavity DOI:10.1002/1097-0142(197509)36:3<1021::aid-cncr2820360327>3.0.co;2-w | 1975 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shafer 1975 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Shamloo 2022 Epidemiological study of lip cancer between 2004 and 2016 in public hospitals of Tehran, Iran: Squamous cell carcinoma as the most common… DOI:10.34172/johoe.2022.12 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shamloo 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Shoorgashti 2024 Evaluation of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Iranian Smokers and Non-smokers DOI:10.4103/njcp.njcp_702_23 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shoorgashti 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2020 Demographic and Clinicopathologic Features of Actinic Cheilitis and Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Brazilian Multicentre Study DOI:10.1007/s12105-020-01142-2 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2024 Stomatological profile of elderly patients who received dental care at a reference Hospital of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais – Brazil DOI:10.35699/2178-1990.2024.51264 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silveira 2009 Lesões orais com potencial de malignização: análise clínica e morfológica de 205 casos DOI:10.1590/s1676-24442009000300008 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silveira 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Silverman 1976 Malignant transformation and natural history of oral leukoplakia in 57,518 industrial workers of gujarat, india DOI:10.1002/1097-0142(197610)38:4<1790::aid-cncr2820380456>3.0.co;2-i | 1976 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silverman 1976 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Souza 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Starzynska 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Starzyńska 2014 Oral premalignant lesions: epidemiological and clinical analysis in the northern Polish population. PMID:25610347 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tang 1997 Epidemiological survey of oral submucous fibrosis in Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, China DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00918.x | 1997 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tang 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Vallejo 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vasconcelos 2017 A scientific survey on 1550 cases of oral lesions diagnosed in a Brazilian referral center DOI:10.1590/0001-3765201720170006 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vasconcelos 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Venkat 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Venkat 2022 Analysis of Oral Leukoplakia and Tobacco-Related Habits in Population of Chengalpattu District- An Institution-Based Retrospective Study. PMID:35844329 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Venkatesh 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Venkatesh 2024 Epidemiological Trends and Clinicopathological Characteristics of Oral Leukoplakia: A Retrospective Analysis From a Single Institution in… PMID:38962636 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Verma 2019 Prevalence of Oral mucosal lesions and their association with Pattern of tobacco use among patients visiting a dental institution DOI:10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_23_18 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Villa 2024 Oncological Outcomes of Patients With Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders DOI:10.1001/jamaoto.2024.3719 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Villa 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Waldron 1975 Leukoplakia revisited.A clinicopathologic study 3256 oral leukoplakias DOI:10.1002/1097-0142(197510)36:4<1386::aid-cncr2820360430>3.0.co;2-7 | 1975 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Waldron 1975 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Wongviriya 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Yang 2010 Comparing dose–response measurements of oral habits on oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis from a community screening program DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00820.x | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yang 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Prevalence of OPMD (any histopathologically confirmed OPMD); PM42046528-P1-O4 | not extracted yet |
| Yen 2019 The association between fecal hemoglobin concentration and oral potentially malignant disorders DOI:10.1111/odi.12978 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Persons with histopathologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders (WHO criteria); any age; oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions excluded | 108 studies (86 additional and 22 from the previous review); 174,265 new OPMD cases in the additional studies; sources: pathology services, hospitals, universities, general population |
| Intervention | Not applicable (prevalence review) | Not applicable (prevalence review) |
| Comparison | Not applicable (prevalence review) | Not applicable (prevalence review) |
| Outcomes | Prevalence of OPMD; secondary: prevalence by geographic location, demographic characteristics, clinical diagnosis, and presence and severity of epithelial dysplasia | Pooled OPMD prevalence 4.67% (95% CI 3.62-5.84; n=96 after sensitivity exclusion); subgroups by region, clinical diagnosis, sample source, country, age, sex and dysplasia |
| Study designs | Observational studies investigating OPMD prevalence, published 2017 onward (update of Mello 2018) | Observational prevalence studies (n=108) |
| Timing | Not specified | Studies from 2017 onward plus 22 studies of the previous review |