Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM41872366
Effect of root canal filling techniques and materials on endodontic treatment outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Mushtaq Ahmed, Alsanafi Sura, Elmsmari Firas, et al. · Scientific reports · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-37936-7
Findings
127 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.920 [0.899, 0.941] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency 18 studies · 2187 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.920 [0.896, 0.943] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency 18 studies · 2187 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.849 [0.808, 0.890] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency 10 studies · 1093 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.872 [0.843, 0.901] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency 32 studies · 4792 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.862 [0.830, 0.895] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency 32 studies · 4792 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 6 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.871 [0.802, 0.940] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency 9 studies · 974 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Success rate (proportion) 0.844 [0.798, 0.890] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency 10 studies · 1093 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Success rate (proportion) 0.732 [0.659, 0.806] Very low Downgraded: imprecision 5 studies · 222 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 6 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.929 [0.886, 0.972] Very low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency 2 studies · 140 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.825 [0.717, 0.933] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 8 studies · 779 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.835 [0.747, 0.922] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 8 studies · 779 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.770 [0.692, 0.849] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency 10 studies · 1299 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.756 [0.672, 0.839] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency 10 studies · 1299 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques | None (single-arm pooled proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success rate 6 months · Dental or academic clinical settings · Sensitivity analysis including apexification (AP) arms | Pooled success rate (proportion) 0.928 [0.887, 0.969] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Overall | Success rate (proportion) 0.737 [0.674, 0.800] Very low Downgraded: imprecision 5 studies · 222 participants |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Single cone (SC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: SC | Success rate (proportion) 0.882 [0.834, 0.929] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Single cone (SC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: SC | Success rate (proportion) 0.847 [0.775, 0.919] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Single cone (SC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 6 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: SC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.830 [0.569, 1.090] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Single cone (SC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: SC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.827 [0.727, 0.927] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Single cone (SC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 6 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: SC | Success rate (proportion) 0.830 [0.568, 1.091] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Single cone (SC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: SC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.857 [0.798, 0.915] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.943 [0.919, 0.966] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 6 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC | Success rate (proportion) 0.869 [0.781, 0.956] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC | Success rate (proportion) 0.834 [0.750, 0.918] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC | Success rate (proportion) 0.943 [0.920, 0.966] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC | Success rate (proportion) 0.853 [0.804, 0.901] GRADE not reported 17 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 6 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.869 [0.781, 0.956] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.834 [0.750, 0.918] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: WVC | Success rate (proportion) 0.823 [0.770, 0.876] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: WVC | Success rate (proportion) 0.902 [0.881, 0.923] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: WVC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.850 [0.742, 0.957] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: WVC | Success rate (proportion) 0.876 [0.797, 0.954] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: WVC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.894 [0.870, 0.918] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Thermoplasticized gutta-percha (TH) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: TH (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.946 [0.912, 0.979] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Thermoplasticized gutta-percha (TH) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: TH | Success rate (proportion) 0.945 [0.912, 0.979] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CB | Success rate (proportion) 0.968 [0.937, 0.999] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CB | Success rate (proportion) 0.829 [0.779, 0.880] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CB | Success rate (proportion) 0.870 [0.826, 0.913] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CB (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.829 [0.779, 0.880] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CB (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.968 [0.937, 0.999] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: WVC | Success rate (proportion) 0.792 [0.659, 0.925] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: WVC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.743 [0.439, 1.046] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: WVC | Success rate (proportion) 0.814 [0.647, 0.981] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: WVC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.698 [0.657, 0.739] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Single cone (SC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: SC | Success rate (proportion) 0.878 [0.832, 0.924] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Single cone (SC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: SC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.878 [0.832, 0.923] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.675 [0.539, 0.812] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC | Success rate (proportion) 0.858 [0.702, 1.014] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.858 [0.702, 1.015] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC | Success rate (proportion) 0.687 [0.572, 0.801] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC | Success rate (proportion) 0.675 [0.539, 0.812] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CLC (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.686 [0.572, 0.801] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CB (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.775 [0.697, 0.853] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: CB | Success rate (proportion) 0.775 [0.697, 0.853] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined including apexification (AP) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Sensitivity: apexification (AP) studies included Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Success rate (proportion) 0.844 [0.798, 0.890] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined including apexification (AP) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Sensitivity: apexification (AP) studies included Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Success rate (proportion) 0.874 [0.844, 0.905] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined including apexification (AP) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 6 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Sensitivity: apexification (AP) studies included | Success rate (proportion) 0.883 [0.825, 0.942] GRADE not reported 10 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined including apexification (AP) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Sensitivity: apexification (AP) studies included | Success rate (proportion) 0.922 [0.900, 0.944] GRADE not reported 17 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Any obturation technique (CLC, WVC, SC, TH, CB) | Other obturation techniques | Clinical and radiographic success rate 12 months · Dental or academic clinical settings Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | No significant differences across techniques (p = 0.677) GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Apexification (AP) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: AP (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.947 [0.865, 1.029] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined including apexification (AP) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Sensitivity: apexification (AP) studies included | Success rate (proportion) 0.820 [0.720, 0.920] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined including apexification (AP) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Sensitivity: apexification (AP) studies included Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Success rate (proportion) 0.732 [0.659, 0.806] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Root canal obturation, all techniques combined including apexification (AP) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Sensitivity: apexification (AP) studies included | Success rate (proportion) 0.776 [0.689, 0.863] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Apexification (AP) | None (single-arm pooled success proportion) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Technique: AP (Suppl. Fig. 1 sensitivity analysis) | Success rate (proportion) 0.945 [0.701, 1.188] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Single cone (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | Clinical and radiographic success 6 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Between-technique contrast (mixed-effects meta-regression) | Difference in success rate (percentage points) -3.2 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | Clinical and radiographic success rate 24 months · Dental or academic clinical settings · Results-text comparison Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | CLC and CB techniques demonstrating significantly better results compared to WVC (p = 0.021 and p = 0.011, respectively) GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | Clinical and radiographic success rate 24 months · Dental or academic clinical settings · Results-text comparison Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | CLC and CB techniques demonstrating significantly better results compared to WVC (p = 0.021 and p = 0.011, respectively) GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Between-technique contrast (mixed-effects meta-regression) | Difference in success rate (percentage points) 5.0 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Between-technique contrast (mixed-effects meta-regression) | Difference in success rate (percentage points) 7.5 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Any obturation technique (WVC, WLC, CLC, SC, CB) | Other obturation techniques | Clinical and radiographic success rate 3+ years · Dental or academic clinical settings Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | No significant differences between techniques beyond 3 years GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | Single cone (SC) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Between-technique contrast (mixed-effects meta-regression) | Difference in success rate (percentage points) 8.8 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | Single cone (SC) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Between-technique contrast (mixed-effects meta-regression) | Difference in success rate (percentage points) 11.3 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment | Apexification (AP) | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Between-technique contrast (mixed-effects meta-regression) | Apexification technique showed significantly higher success than CLC at 12 months (p = 0.019); no effect size given GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Single cone (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | Clinical and radiographic success 12 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Between-technique contrast (mixed-effects meta-regression) | Difference in success rate (percentage points) 16.7 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | Warm vertical compaction (WVC) | Clinical and radiographic success 24 months · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Between-technique contrast (mixed-effects meta-regression) | CB performing significantly better than WVC (p = 0.004); no effect size given GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal retreatment | Carrier-based technique (CB) | Cold lateral compaction (CLC) | Clinical and radiographic success 3+ years · Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Between-technique contrast (mixed-effects meta-regression) | Difference in success rate (percentage points) 7.9 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Root canal filling material: MTA | GP (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.084 [-0.001, 0.169] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Root canal filling material: CH | GP (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.099 [-0.007, 0.206] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Root canal filling material: CH | MTA (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.031 [-0.093, 0.156] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: BIO | AHP (AH Plus, reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.018 [-0.058, 0.095] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: CH | AHP (AH Plus, reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.001 [-0.076, 0.079] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: RES | AHP (AH Plus, reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.003 [-0.065, 0.059] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: GLA | AHP (AH Plus, reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.070 [-0.058, 0.199] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: ZNC | AHP (AH Plus, reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.048 [-0.104, 0.007] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: CH | BIO (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.017 [-0.116, 0.082] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: RES | BIO (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.021 [-0.108, 0.067] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: GLA | BIO (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.052 [-0.091, 0.195] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: ZNC | BIO (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.066 [-0.150, 0.017] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: RES | CH (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.004 [-0.092, 0.084] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: GLA | CH (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.069 [-0.074, 0.213] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: ZNC | CH (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.050 [-0.134, 0.035] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: GLA | RES (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.073 [-0.063, 0.209] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: ZNC | RES (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.046 [-0.116, 0.025] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Sealer: ZNC | GLA (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.119 [-0.251, 0.014] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Mean age (per unit increase): Age | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.003 [-0.004, -0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Gender: Male (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.001 [-0.003, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pre-operative pulpal diagnosis: Irreversible pulpitis (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.001 [-0.000, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pre-operative pulpal diagnosis: Necrotic pulp (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.001 [-0.000, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pre-operative pulpal diagnosis: Previously treated (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.001 [-0.002, -0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pre-operative periapical diagnosis: Normal periapex (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.001 [-0.005, 0.007] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pre-operative periapical diagnosis: Symptomatic apical periodontitis (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.001 [-0.002, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pre-operative periapical diagnosis: Asymptomatic apical periodontitis (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.001 [-0.001, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pre-operative periapical diagnosis: Acute apical abscess (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pre-operative periapical diagnosis: Chronic apical abscess (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.002 [-0.001, 0.002] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pain: Pre-operative pain (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.001 [-0.003, 0.000] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Pain: Post-operative pain (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.001 [-0.002, 0.003] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal treatment or retreatment | Post-operative pain (per 1 point higher %) | No change | Success rate (proportion) All follow-up periods pooled · Dental or academic clinical settings · Moderator: Pain | Beta (difference in success proportion, simple meta-regression) 0.001 [-0.002, 0.003] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Instrumentation technique: Rotary | Manual (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.013 [-0.033, 0.058] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Instrumentation technique: Reciproc | Manual (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.047 [-0.028, 0.123] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Instrumentation technique: Reciproc | Rotary (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.035 [-0.035, 0.105] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Irrigation: NaOCl+EDTA | NaOCl (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.016 [-0.056, 0.024] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Radiographic evaluation: CBCT | PA radiograph (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.049 [-0.142, 0.043] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Radiographic evaluation: Both CBCT and PA | PA radiograph (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.060 [-0.045, 0.165] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Radiographic evaluation: Both CBCT and PA | CBCT (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.109 [-0.028, 0.247] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Dental arch: Maxilla (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.001 [0.000, 0.002] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Tooth type: Anterior teeth (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.000 [-0.001, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Tooth type: Premolars (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.000 [-0.001, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Tooth type: Molars (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.000 [-0.001, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Operator: Post-graduate | Under-graduate (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.048 [-0.055, 0.150] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Operator: General practitioner | Under-graduate (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.037 [-0.078, 0.152] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Operator: Specialist | Under-graduate (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.137 [0.039, 0.235] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Operator: General practitioner | Post-graduate (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.010 [-0.086, 0.065] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Operator: Specialist | Post-graduate (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.089 [0.044, 0.135] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Operator: General practitioner | Specialist (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.099 [-0.169, -0.031] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Single visit: Single visit (% per unit increase) | Per unit increase | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) 0.000 [-0.000, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth undergoing root canal treatment or retreatment | Single visit (per 1 point higher %) | No change | Success rate (proportion) All follow-up periods pooled · Dental or academic clinical settings · Moderator: Number of visits | Beta (difference in success proportion, simple meta-regression) 0.000 [-0.000, 0.001] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Permanent teeth after root canal treatment or retreatment (all included studies) | Type of treatment: Retreatment | Primary treatment (reference) | Clinical and radiographic success Clinical studies in dental or academic settings · Simple meta-regression (Suppl. Table 2) | Meta-regression coefficient (beta, success proportion) -0.073 [-0.115, -0.031] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
Included primary studies 162
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asgary 2022 Outcomes of root canal therapy or full pulpotomy using two endodontic biomaterials in mature permanent teeth: a randomized controlled trial. PMID:34854987 | 2022 | 3 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen et al. 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 3 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shaheed 2020 Tricyclic antidepressants: therapeutic properties and affinity for alpha-noradrenergic receptor binding sites in the brain. PMID:202024 | 1978 | 3 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar et al. 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmed 2023 Evaluation of postoperative pain and healing following regenerative endodontics using platelet-rich plasma versus conventional endodontic… PMID:36565044 | 2023 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmed et al. 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Asgary et al. 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bardini et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cunha 2020 Effect of Endodontic Sealer in Young Molars Treated by Undergraduate Students - A Randomized Clinical Trial. PMID:33237229 | 2020 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Doğan 2024 Association between the irrigation-agitation techniques and Periapical Healing of large periapical lesions: a Randomized Controlled Trial. PMID:38878107 | 2024 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hu 2023 Outcome of root canal treatment using warm vertical compaction with bioceramic and resin-based sealers: A randomised clinical trial. PMID:36378149 | 2023 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liang 2013 Radiographic healing after a root canal treatment performed in single-rooted teeth with and without ultrasonic activation of the irrigant:… PMID:24041381 | 2013 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lin 2017 Regenerative Endodontics Versus Apexification in Immature Permanent Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled… PMID:28864219 | 2017 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mendoza et al. 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Taha 2023 A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Pulpotomy versus Root Canal Therapy in Mature Teeth with Irreversible Pulpitis: Outcome, Quality… PMID:37080387 | 2023 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tang et al. 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Verma 2019 Effect of Different Concentrations of Sodium Hypochlorite on Outcome of Primary Root Canal Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PMID:30827769 | 2019 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Verma et al. 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-nuaimi 2017 A prospective study assessing the effect of coronal tooth structure loss on the outcome of root canal retreatment. PMID:28294354 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-nuaimi et al. 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alsulaimani 2016 Single-visit endodontic treatment of mature teeth with chronic apical abscesses using mineral trioxide aggregate cement: a randomized… PMID:27553664 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alsulaimani et al. 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alzoubi 2025 The Outcome of Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment Using Sealer-based Obturation versus Warm Vertical Compaction: A Randomized Controlled… PMID:40653155 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alzoubi et al. 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aqrabawy 2006 Outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth filled using lateral condensation versus vertical compaction (Schilder's technique). PMID:16491144 | 2006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aqrabawy et al. 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arslan 2019 Success of maintaining apical patency in teeth with periapical lesion: a randomized clinical study. PMID:31463482 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arslan et al. 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arya 2017 Healing of Apical Periodontitis after Nonsurgical Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. PMID:28803674 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arya et al. 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Baltieri 2024 Outcome of Nonsurgical Root Canal Retreatment of Teeth with Persistent Apical Periodontitis Treated with Foraminal Enlargement and 2%… PMID:39313095 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Baltieri et al. 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bani-Younes 2025 Clinical and radiographic outcome of a bioceramic sealer compared to a resin-based sealer: a retrospective study. PMID:40369057 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bani-Younes et al. 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bardini 2021 A 4-year follow-up of root canal obturation using a calcium silicate-based sealer and a zinc oxide-eugenol sealer: A randomized clinical… PMID:39655615 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bardini et al. 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Best 2021 Outcome Assessment of Teeth with Necrotic Pulps and Apical Periodontitis Treated with Long-term Calcium Hydroxide. PMID:32950557 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Best et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bezgin 2012 Comparative evaluation of Ca(OH)2 plus points and Ca(OH)2 paste in apexification. PMID:22233198 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bezgin et al. 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cagidiaco 2025 Posterior partial crowns out of lithium disilicate with or without posts: A randomized controlled study at 9 years follow up. PMID:40738215 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cagidiaco et al. 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Caliskan 2005 Nonsurgical retreatment of teeth with periapical lesions previously managed by either endodontic or surgical intervention. PMID:16037783 | 2005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Caliskan et al. 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen 2016 Radiographic outcome of necrotic immature teeth treated with two endodontic techniques: A retrospective analysis. PMID:27884384 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chiara 2019 The fate of root canals obturated with Thermafil: 10-year data for patients treated in a master's program. PMID:30519823 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chiara et al. 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chu 2005 Outcome of root canal treatment using Thermafil and cold lateral condensation filling techniques. PMID:15743421 | 2005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Claudia 2016 Single vs Two-session Root Canal Treatment: A Preliminary Randomized Clinical Study using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. PMID:27595715 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Claudia et al. 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Conejero 2021 Retrospective clinical evaluation of root canal treatment with or without photodynamic therapy for necrotic teeth and teeth subjected to… PMID:33731503 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Conejero et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Coşar 2023 The effect of two different root canal sealers on treatment outcome and post-obturation pain in single-visit root canal treatment: A… PMID:36385378 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Coşar et al. 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cotton 2008 A retrospective study comparing clinical outcomes after obturation with Resilon/Epiphany or Gutta-Percha/Kerr sealer. PMID:18570981 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cotton et al. 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cunha et al. 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Damle 2012 Apexification of anterior teeth: a comparative evaluation of mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide paste. PMID:22838228 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Damle et al. 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Danin 1996 Clinical management of nonhealing periradicular pathosis. Surgery versus endodontic retreatment. PMID:8863312 | 1996 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Danin et al. 1996 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Demirci 2016 A Prospective Randomized Comparative Study of Cold Lateral Condensation Versus Core/Gutta-percha in Teeth with Periapical Lesions. PMID:26686053 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Demirci et al. 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Doğan et al. 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elizabeth 2018 Clinical Outcome of Non-Surgical Root Canal Treatment Using a Single-cone Technique with Endosequence Bioceramic Sealer: A Retrospective… PMID:29606401 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elizabeth et al. 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fatima 2021 Effect of Apical Third Enlargement to Different Preparation Sizes and Tapers on Postoperative Pain and Outcome of Primary Endodontic… PMID:34058250 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fatima et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Field 2004 A clinical radiographic retrospective assessment of the success rate of single-visit root canal treatment. PMID:14870762 | 2004 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Field et al. 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Figueiredo 2020 Effectiveness of a reciprocating single file, single cone endodontic treatment approach: a randomized controlled pragmatic clinical trial. PMID:31650315 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Figueiredo et al. 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Friedman 1995 Evaluation of success and failure after endodontic therapy using a glass ionomer cement sealer. PMID:7499981 | 1995 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Friedman et al. 1995 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Galani 2017 Comparative Evaluation of Postoperative Pain and Success Rate after Pulpotomy and Root Canal Treatment in Cariously Exposed Mature… PMID:29061359 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Galani et al. 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gorni 2004 The outcome of endodontic retreatment: a 2-yr follow-up. PMID:14760899 | 2004 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gorni et al. 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gudac 2021 Prognostic validity of the Periapical and Endodontic Status Scale for the radiographically assessed 2-year treatment outcomes in teeth… PMID:34281553 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gudac et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Holden 2008 Clinical outcomes of artificial root-end barriers with mineral trioxide aggregate in teeth with immature apices. PMID:18570985 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Holden et al. 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ifeoma 2015 The Efficacy of Calcium Hydroxide Powder mixed with 0.2% Chlorhexidine Digluconate or mixed with Normal Saline as Intracanal Medicament in… PMID:26423502 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ifeoma et al. 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Imura 2007 The outcome of endodontic treatment: a retrospective study of 2000 cases performed by a specialist. PMID:17963946 | 2007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Imura et al. 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jordan 2014 Clinical effectiveness of basic root canal treatment after 24 months: a randomized controlled trial. PMID:24666893 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jordan et al. 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Karaoğlan 2022 Outcome of single- versus two-visit root canal retreatment in teeth with periapical lesions: A randomized clinical trial. PMID:35488883 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Karaoğlan et al. 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2022 Clinical Efficacy of Sealer-based Obturation Using Calcium Silicate Sealers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. PMID:34856212 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kist 2017 Comparison of ozone gas and sodium hypochlorite/chlorhexidine two-visit disinfection protocols in treating apical periodontitis: a… PMID:27173580 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kist et al. 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Koli 2021 Combination of Nonsurgical Endodontic and Vital Pulp Therapy for Management of Mature Permanent Mandibular Molar Teeth with Symptomatic… PMID:33091455 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Koli et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar 2020 The effect of an intraorifice barrier and base under coronal restorations on the healing of apical periodontitis: a randomized controlled… PMID:31587317 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kurt 2018 USAGE OF CHLORHEXIDINE AS A FINAL IRRIGANT IN ONE-VISIT ROOT CANAL TREATMENT IN COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL TWO-VISIT ROOT CANAL… PMID:36162893 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kurt et al. 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kurt et al. 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liang et al. 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Martins 2013 Efficacy of Er,Cr:YSGG laser with endodontical radial firing tips on the outcome of endodontic treatment: blind randomized controlled… PMID:22869158 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Martins et al. 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mendoza 2010 Evolution of apical formation on immature necrotic permanent teeth. PMID:21207794 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mente 2013 Treatment outcome of mineral trioxide aggregate in open apex teeth. PMID:23228252 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mente et al. 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mohan 2009 Root Canal Treatment Using Thermoplasticized Carrier Condensation Technique. PMID:27408288 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mohan et al. 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Molander 2007 Clinical and radiographic evaluation of one- and two-visit endodontic treatment of asymptomatic necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis:… PMID:17889679 | 2007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Molander et al. 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Moore 2011 Treatment of open apex teeth using two types of white mineral trioxide aggregate after initial dressing with calcium hydroxide in children. PMID:21564517 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Moore et al. 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nešković 2016 Outcome of orthograde endodontic retreatment--A two-year follow-up. PMID:27483562 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nešković et al. 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ozer 2009 Outcome of root canal treatment using Soft-Core and cold lateral compaction filling techniques: a randomized clinical trial. PMID:19142259 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ozer et al. 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Patel 2012 The detection of periapical pathosis using digital periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography - part 2: a 1-year… PMID:22775142 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Patel et al. 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Peters 2002 Periapical healing of endodontically treated teeth in one and two visits obturated in the presence or absence of detectable microorganisms. PMID:12196219 | 2002 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Peters et al. 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pirani 2016 PMID:201696 | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pirani et al. 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Riccitiello 2011 The treatment of the large periradicular endodontic injury. PMID:21956349 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Riccitiello et al. 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saini 2012 Effect of different apical preparation sizes on outcome of primary endodontic treatment: a randomized controlled trial. PMID:22980168 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saini et al. 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sarin 2016 Effect of Different Obturation Techniques on the Prognosis of Endodontic Therapy: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis. PMID:27595726 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sarin et al. 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Serefoglu 2021 A prospective cohort study evaluating the outcome of root canal retreatment in symptomatic mandibular first molars with periapical lesions. PMID:34516682 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Serefoglu et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shaheed et al. 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sigurdson 2016 12-month Healing Rates after Endodontic Therapy Using the Novel GentleWave System: A Prospective Multicenter Clinical Study. PMID:27325455 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sigurdson et al. 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sigurdsson 2018 Healing of Periapical Lesions after Endodontic Treatment with the GentleWave Procedure: A Prospective Multicenter Clinical Study. PMID:29336878 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sigurdsson et al. 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2023 Outcome of Root Canal Treatment of Teeth with Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis Treated with Foraminal Enlargement and 2% Chlorhexidine… PMID:37307870 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva et al. 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Simnon 2025 Clinical efficacy of root canal treatment at 2 years using a new ready-to-use injectable calcium silicate-based sealer: A multicentric… PMID:40491343 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Simnon et al. 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Subbiya 2022 Clinical Outcome of Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment Using a Matched Single-Cone Obturation Technique with a Calcium Hydroxide-based… PMID:36191866 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Subbiya et al. 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sundqvist 1998 Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment. PMID:9474621 | 1998 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sundqvist et al. 1998 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Taha et al. 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tang 2015 DOI:10.3233/bme-15131826406018 | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tani-Ishii 2003 Clinical and radiographic evaluation of root-canal obturation with obtura II. PMID:14651281 | 2003 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tani-Ishii et al. 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tootla 2012 A comparison of endodontic treatment outcomes between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. PMID:23951785 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tootla et al. 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tosun 2021 Retrospective fractal analyses of one-year follow-up data obtained after single-visit nonsurgical endodontic retreatment on periapical… PMID:34302217 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tosun et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vieyra 2012 Success rate of single- versus two-visit root canal treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial. PMID:22892729 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vieyra et al. 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Weiger 2000 Influence of calcium hydroxide intracanal dressings on the prognosis of teeth with endodontically induced periapical lesions. PMID:11307438 | 2000 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Weiger et al. 2000 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wong 2015 Treatment outcomes of single-visit versus multiple-visit non-surgical endodontic therapy: a randomised clinical trial. PMID:26687126 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wong et al. 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zahran 2021 The impact of an enhanced infection control protocol on molar root canal treatment outcome - a randomized clinical trial. PMID:34352123 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zahran et al. 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zamparini 2023 The Use of Premixed Calcium Silicate Bioceramic Sealer with Warm Carrier-Based Technique: A 2-Year Study for Patients Treated in a Master… PMID:36976088 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zamparini et al. 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zandi 2019 Outcome of Endodontic Retreatment Using 2 Root Canal Irrigants and Influence of Infection on Healing as Determined by a Molecular Method:… PMID:31300248 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zandi et al. 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Human permanent teeth undergoing primary root canal treatment or retreatment | Permanent teeth in primary root canal treatment and retreatment (84 studies, 11,965 samples); 9 studies also on apexification |
| Intervention | Different root canal obturation techniques and/or materials (CLC, WVC, WLC, SC, CB) | CLC, WVC, WLC, SC, CB, thermoplasticized gutta-percha (TH), apexification (AP); sealers including AH Plus, bioceramic, zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide, resin-based, glass ionomer |
| Comparison | Alternative obturation techniques or materials | Techniques compared across studies via meta-regression (SC, CLC, WVC, CB, WLC) |
| Outcomes | Endodontic treatment outcomes: clinical and radiographic success | Pooled clinical and radiographic success rate by follow-up; meta-regression moderators (operator, arch, age, previous treatment, treatment type) |
| Study designs | RCTs and cohort studies in dental or academic settings; <=25% loss to follow-up | 42 randomized controlled trials and 42 cohort studies (prospective and retrospective) |
| Timing | Minimum follow-up of 6 months (6, 12, 24 months and more than 3 years) | 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, 3+ years |
AMSTAR 2 items
Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.
| Item | Extractor A | Extractor B | Agree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Research question includes PICO components | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 2Protocol established before the reviewcritical | Partial Yes | Yes | no |
| 3Choice of study designs explained | Yes | No | no |
| 4Comprehensive literature searchcritical | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 5Study selection in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 6Data extraction in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 7List of excluded studies with reasonscritical | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 8Included studies described in detail | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycritical | NRSI: Yes · RCT: Yes | NRSI: Yes · RCT: Yes | yes |
| 10Funding of included studies reported | No | No | yes |
| 11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscritical | NRSI: No · RCT: No | NRSI: No · RCT: No | yes |
| 12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled results | No | No | yes |
| 13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcritical | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 14Heterogeneity explained | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 15Publication bias investigatedcritical | No | Yes | no |
| 16Conflicts of interest reported | Yes | Yes | yes |
| Overall | Critically Low | Low | no |