Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM41436108

Effect of intraarticular drug injection in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders with limited mouth opening: a system review and network meta-analysis.

Zou Siyu, Yue Yue, Wang Xinyu, et al. · Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2025 · PubMed · doi:10.22514/jofph.2025.041

Findings

Population Patients with temporomandibular joint disorders and limited mouth opening (Wilkes stage 3 or above)

242 findings


Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 15.84 [9.6, 22.08] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis alone	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.83 [-0.68, 2.34] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis alone	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.39 [-2.14, 2.92] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -1.84 [-3.68, 0.01] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis alone	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -0.06 [-1.53, 1.42] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis alone	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.1 [-1.44, 1.64] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -1.09 [-1.94, -0.24] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 2.99 [-0.64, 6.62] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -2.65 [-5.52, 0.21] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 3.58 [-7.57, 14.74] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.36 [-1.15, 1.86] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 2.46 [-8.22, 13.14] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -1.4 [-4.19, 1.39] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 1.8 [-9.75, 13.35] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.72 [-7.11, 8.55] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -0.14 [-2.01, 1.72] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis alone	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.25 [-1.22, 1.73] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis alone	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.1 [-1.18, 1.38] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.2 [-12.61, 13.01] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -7.73 [-33.75, 18.29] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucose and local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.5 [-3.07, 4.07] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucose and local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -0.44 [-16.75, 15.88] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -0.85 [-1.68, -0.03] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -0.07 [-1.53, 1.38] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -0.4 [-0.9, 0.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -0.12 [-3.58, 3.35] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -1.1 [-4.06, 1.86] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -1.2 [-12.93, 10.53] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -0.6 [-4.62, 3.42] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -0.23 [-1.22, 0.75] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -1.4 [-8.84, 6.05] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 1.66 [0.26, 3.06] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis alone	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.8 [-1.48, 3.08] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis alone	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -3.61 [-14.35, 7.13] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.65 [-1.90, 3.20] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.98 [-2.94, 0.97] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 12.85 [6.24, 19.46] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.89 [0.55, 1.23] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD -0.9848647 [-2.939902, 0.9701722] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.69 [-1.55, 2.93] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus morphine (MOR)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 14.04 [0.91, 27.17] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD 0.7086522 [-0.9890117, 2.406316] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.84 [-6.30, 7.98] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.71 [-0.99, 2.41] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD 0.0170027 [-0.4822481, 0.5162534] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.13 [-1.37, 1.11] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 3.11 [-0.79, 7.01] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus local anesthetic (LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 15.64 [1.49, 29.78] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.24 [-1.15, 0.68] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.02 [-0.48, 0.52] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD -0.2367432 [-1.150477, 0.6769906] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD -1.8 [-4.542028, 0.9420282] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 15.96 [9.04, 22.87] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.906542 [0.31122, 1.50186] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.80 [-4.54, 0.94] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 3.70 [-6.90, 14.30] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 1.34259 [0.681877, 2.0033] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 15.7922 [8.84404, 22.7404] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.91 [0.31, 1.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD 1.209839 [-0.2427201, 2.662398] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.21 [-0.24, 2.66] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus tramadol (TRA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 17.04 [3.76, 30.32] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 2.58 [-8.65, 13.81] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus glucocorticoid (GC)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 16.44 [9.14, 23.74] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD -0.5466133 [-3.453787, 2.36056] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.92 [-10.14, 13.98] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.55 [-3.45, 2.36] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -6.87 [-32.88, 19.14] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 17.24 [7.67, 26.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -3.5 [-5.77, -1.23] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD -6.87305 [-32.88423, 19.13813] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.32 [-12.24, 12.89] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Arthrocentesis plus glucose (GLU)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 19.45 [7.14, 31.76] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.32 [-16.45, 15.81] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD 1.354681 [-2.157779, 4.86714] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.35 [-2.16, 4.87] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD -0.2466133 [-3.32077, 2.827543] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.25 [-3.32, 2.83] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -4.31 [-7.33, -1.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.08 [-13.31, 11.15] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.62 [-0.36, 1.60] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -2.75 [-4.24, -1.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.48 [-4.71, 3.74] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD 0.6204409 [-0.3640658, 1.604947] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.28 [-8.29, 5.74] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD 2.514895 [1.261189, 3.768602] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -2.51 [-3.77, -1.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -1.89 [-3.24, -0.55] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.49 [-13.94, 6.96] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis · Consistency-test model coefficients (reference Arth + HA)	MD 1.654692 [-0.5371228, 3.846507] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.65 [-0.54, 3.85] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.29 [-2.47, 1.89] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.58 [-1.21, 0.05] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -15.12 [-24.98, -5.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.69 [-0.88, 4.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis alone	Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -1.66 [-3.06, -0.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.29 [-2.79, 2.21] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.75 [-1.11, 2.61] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis plus glucocorticoid (GC)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD -2.42 [-5.33, 0.49] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	MD 0.33 [0.03, 0.62] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -12.26 [-24.92, 0.40] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.829102 [-6.34478, 8.00298] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.362384 [-0.0764666, 0.801235] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.82 [-4.18, 2.55] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.325951 [0.0346625, 0.617239] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 2.8591 [-1.0601, 6.77829] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 2.19 [-0.15, 4.54] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -13.38 [-25.75, -1.01] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.42123 [-0.149191, 0.991651] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.44 [-2.91, 3.78] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis alone	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.0736291 [-1.380465, 1.527724] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis alone	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.0658324 [-0.9382521, 1.069917] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis alone	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.8533923 [0.0294789, 1.677306] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis alone	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.0030958 [-3.477455, 3.483647] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -5.89 [-31.97, 20.19] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 1.80309 [-10.309, 13.9152] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -16.28 [-33.66, 1.11] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 0.284172 [-12.3429, 12.9112] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 2.34 [-1.65, 6.33] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 3.7 [-6.95357, 14.3536] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.74 [-2.75, 4.23] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.61 [-0.44, 3.65] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD -1.19691 [-13.4728, 11.079] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD -1.3157 [-8.36163, 5.73022] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular injectable (liquid) platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 2.64 [-0.26, 5.53] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD -0.559298 [-4.80233, 3.68374] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.00 [-1.09, 1.09] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 2.27 [-5.79, 10.33] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.31 [-0.85, 0.23] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.95 [-2.86, 0.97] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD -3.53035 [-14.0292, 6.9685] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 2.86 [-9.92, 15.64] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus glucose and local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD -0.355866 [-16.5648, 15.8531] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -2.51 [-5.73, 0.72] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.74 [-11.50, 14.98] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.50 [-1.69, 2.69] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid (HA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis · Inconsistency (consistency test) model coefficient, reference Arth + HA	MD 2.46309 [-8.81797, 13.7442] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	All other interventions in the network (ranking)	Protrusive jaw movement (PM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	SUCRA (%) 63.5 GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	All other interventions in the network (ranking)	Lateral jaw movement (LM) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	SUCRA (%) 95.5 GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	All other interventions in the network (ranking)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	SUCRA (%) 99.1 GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.26 [-4.61, 2.10] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus liquid platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)	All other interventions in the network (ranking)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	SUCRA (%) 78.2 GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.08 [-12.88, 15.04] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -7.58 [-33.63, 18.47] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.52 [-13.96, 12.93] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis plus micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	All other interventions in the network (ranking)	Pain intensity (VAS) Intra-articular injection after arthrocentesis	SUCRA (%) 84.7 GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.65 [-3.15, 4.45] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.16 [-17.98, 15.67] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.96 [-4.46, 2.54] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.92 [-16.02, 12.18] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.09 [-2.00, 1.82] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.32 [-9.35, 6.71] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -2.12 [-10.61, 6.37] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.81 [-0.11, 3.72] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.95 [-1.68, 3.57] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -4.33 [-15.83, 7.16] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.56 [-4.45, 1.33] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.59 [-10.71, 11.89] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.53 [-11.81, 10.75] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.45 [-0.17, 3.06] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.19 [-13.30, 10.92] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.31 [-3.22, 2.60] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -2.79 [-15.79, 10.21] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -6.64 [-32.66, 19.39] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.59 [-2.01, 5.19] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.43 [-19.90, 13.04] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.01 [-3.09, 3.07] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -4.19 [-16.47, 8.08] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.59 [-8.44, 1.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.86 [-0.29, 2.00] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -4.39 [-12.15, 3.38] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -6.60 [-17.57, 4.37] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.89 [-0.44, 4.22] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.12 [-16.56, 14.32] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 3.01 [-0.09, 6.11] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.25 [-2.74, 5.25] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.78 [-17.84, 14.28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -5.07 [-31.23, 21.08] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.38 [-19.82, 13.06] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -4.02 [-23.32, 15.28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 3.15 [-1.30, 7.61] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.55 [-2.57, 5.67] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -4.78 [-20.96, 11.40] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -4.18 [-15.59, 7.23] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -4.98 [-17.69, 7.74] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 3.45 [-0.06, 6.97] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -7.19 [-22.08, 7.70] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.66 [-16.39, 15.07] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.76 [-4.92, 1.41] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -8.08 [-34.12, 17.95] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -2.26 [-18.93, 14.42] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -2.90 [-22.40, 16.61] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.14 [-3.56, 3.85] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.66 [-19.52, 12.20] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.46 [-4.78, 1.86] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.06 [-14.47, 8.35] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.59 [-2.15, 0.97] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.86 [-16.87, 9.16] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.31 [-0.41, 3.02] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -6.07 [-21.22, 9.08] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular non-steroidal drug (NS)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.44 [-2.04, 2.93] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -6.33 [-32.49, 19.84] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.60 [-18.85, 15.65] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -2.24 [-22.23, 17.76] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.90 [-2.63, 6.43] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.00 [-14.60, 8.60] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.30 [-2.27, 2.87] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.17 [-1.79, 4.12] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -2.40 [-14.63, 9.84] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.20 [-16.94, 10.55] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 3.06 [-0.06, 6.18] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -5.41 [-21.19, 10.37] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular morphine (MOR)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 2.20 [-1.40, 5.80] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 8.23 [-17.96, 34.42] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.64 [-10.75, 9.47] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.40 [-18.77, 15.96] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 6.63 [-19.56, 32.81] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.80 [-13.48, 11.87] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 7.49 [-18.52, 33.51] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 9.39 [-16.59, 35.37] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.60 [-12.03, 8.83] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 8.53 [-17.52, 34.57] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular local anesthetic (LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.81 [-16.81, 9.18] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -1.60 [-6.24, 3.04] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.76 [-20.86, 19.33] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.73 [-4.28, 2.81] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.16 [-16.37, 16.05] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.96 [-15.48, 13.56] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.16 [-2.12, 4.44] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.30 [-2.44, 3.04] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose plus local anesthetic (GLU + LA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.17 [-19.64, 13.29] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.87 [-2.25, 3.99] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 0.60 [-11.80, 13.00] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 2.76 [-0.51, 6.04] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.20 [-14.08, 13.69] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -2.41 [-18.31, 13.49] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular tramadol (TRA)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.90 [-1.84, 5.64] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.80 [-8.00, 6.41] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -3.01 [-13.59, 7.57] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucocorticoid (GC)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD 1.03 [-1.21, 3.28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -0.86 [-2.66, 0.94] GRADE not reported Studies not reported
Arthrocentesis + intra-articular glucose (GLU)	Arthrocentesis + intra-articular saline (SAL)	Maximal mouth opening (MMO) Not specified · Intra-articular injection after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis	MD -2.21 [-9.96, 5.53] GRADE not reported Studies not reported

Included primary studies 38

Open in Studies

Study	Year	Also included by	Outcomes it informs here	Trial data
Akash Rajput 2020 Tricyclic antidepressants: therapeutic properties and affinity for alpha-noradrenergic receptor binding sites in the brain. PMID:202024	1978	3 other reviews	not stated	not extracted yet
Ravina Dharamsi 2022 Microvessel reactions and NAD-NADH changes in cat brain cortex during cortical stimulation under normo- and hypercapnic conditions. PMID:202240	1977	3 other reviews	not stated	not extracted yet
Hamida Refai 2011 [Tracer kinetic studies of the cholesterol metabolism in patients with hypercholesterolemia]. PMID:201112	1977	2 other reviews	not stated	not extracted yet
Ivan Solani Martins 2023 Purification and properties of NAD+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from spinach leaves. PMID:202324	1978	2 other reviews	not stated	not extracted yet
Onur Yilmaz 2019 [Enkephalins--endorphins- endogenous opiate agonists]. PMID:201936	1977	2 other reviews	not stated	not extracted yet
Serap Moroğlu OZDAMAR 2016 Evidence for structural homology between human red cell phosphoglycerate mutase and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase. PMID:201624	1978	2 other reviews	not stated	not extracted yet
A. Sipahi 2015 10-years experience with a 28,800 roller bottle plant for FMD vaccine production. PMID:201520	1976	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Göran Isacsson 2019 Dynamics of the changes in the cerebral amounts of cyclic AMP and some prostaglandins during cobalt-60 gamma-radiation-induced brain edema. PMID:201954	1977	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Gözde Işık 2022 Corticosteroids in the treatment of Sydenham's chorea. PMID:202236	1978	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Jose-Maria Oliveras-Moreno 2008 Ertosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mutants deficient in the early steps of the pathway. PMID:200835	1977	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Nazanin Asadpour 2022 Electron microscopic studies on equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Brief report. PMID:202230	1977	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
S Cömert Kiliç 2016 Phosphorylation of cardiac troponin by guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. PMID:201626	1978	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Sara Bergstrand 2019 MSH/ACTH4-10 influences on the CAR in human subjects: a negative finding. PMID:201937	1977	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Surya Udai Singh 2022 The lipid hypothesis. Pathophysiological basis. PMID:202220	1978	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
T Bjørnland 2007 Macular influences on somatosensory transmission through the spinoreticulocerebellar pathway. PMID:200740	1977	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Wael Abbadi 2022 New insights into cholesterol dynamics. PMID:202222	1978	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Zeliha Kapusuz Gencer 2014 Diagnosis of chlamydial infection in pregnant women using the Testpack Chlamydia diagnostic kit. PMID:2014100	1991	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Zeynep Bayramoglu 2023 Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hemoproteins. VIII. Proton NMR studies of the binding of various nitrogenous ligands to ferric… PMID:202330	1978	1 other review	not stated	not extracted yet
Akhilesh Kumar Singh 2019 Modification of human DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by cyclic GMP. PMID:201924	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Bruno Macedo De Sousa 2020 Murine leukemia virus infectious centers are dependent on the rate of virus production by infected cells. PMID:202080	1978	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
D Manfredini 2012 Plant particles in kidneys and mesenteric lymph nodes of sheep. PMID:201236	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Geerten-Has E Tjakkes 2007 Spontaneous phagocytosis of boutons on spinal motoneurons during early postnatal development. An electron microscopical study in the cat. PMID:200719	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Harsha Gorrela 2016 Use of immunoperoxidase for rapid diagnosis of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection. PMID:201662	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
J.J.R. Huddleston Slater 2012 [Clinical, radiographic and histological study of hypophosphatemic, vitamin-D-resistant rickets]. PMID:201228	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Marijus Leketas 2022 Probing axial ligands in ferric haemoproteins: an ESR study of myoglobin and horseradish peroxidase in H217O. PMID:202277	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Martín Fernández-Ferro 2017 Psychosocial profile of residents at a large hostel for homeless men. PMID:2017100	1991	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Preeti Sharma 2023 The structure of a cytochrome oxidase-lipid model membrane. PMID:202314	1978	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Rawand Mustafa 2018 [Concentration of cAMP in plasma in orthostasis and during the day]. PMID:201818	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Reza Tabrizi 2014 The relationship between the renal effects of cadmium and cadmium concentration in urine among the inhabitants of cadmium-polluted areas. PMID:201460	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Salvatore Sembronio 2021 [Clinically presumptive toxicity of various ear-drops]. PMID:202140	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Saubhik Dasukil 2022 The distribution of labeled low-density lipoproteins across the rabbit thoracic aorta in vivo. PMID:202290	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Sha-Sha Liu, Li-Li Xu 2023 The influence of prostaglandins on noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction isolated perfused mesenteric blood vessels of the rat. PMID:202365	1978	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Shiju Mathew Jacob 2021 Role of the adrenergic nervous system in development of training-induced bradycardia. PMID:202145	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Songül Cömert Kiliç 2015 Lipolysis and cyclic AMP levels in epididymal adipose tissue of obese-hyperglycaemic mice. PMID:201530	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Songül Cömert Kiliç 2016 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone modulation of uridine uptake in rat pituitary cells. Characterization of the responses. PMID:201625	1978	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Tikaram Gurung 2017 Plasma corticosteroids and the effect of adrenocorticotrophin in a macropodid marsupial (Setonix brachyurus, Quoy & Gaimard). PMID:201720	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Ugur Karadayi 2021 Activity of phosphatases and succinic dehydrogenase in the trigeminal ganglion of the corticosteroid-treated mouse. PMID:202136	1978	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet
Wynand Francois Louw 2018 Catecholamine hormone receptors are reduced on chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes. PMID:201854	1977	this review only	not stated	not extracted yet

Overlap with other reviews

Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.

Review	Shared studies	Jaccard
Long-term Outcomes of Invasive Pulp Therapies in Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (2026)	3	0.04
Dental caries burden across age groups in Kerman province, Iran (1992-2025): a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2026)	3	0.02
Neural biomarkers in pulpitis and their associations with inflammation and pain perception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2026)	2	0.02
Decision-ready evidence for vital pulp therapy: a network meta-analysis of bioactive materials in mature permanent teeth. (2026)	2	0.02
Resonance Frequency Analysis and Clinical Outcomes in Implant Dentistry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2026)	2	0.02
Fluoride release and mechanical properties of S-PRG fillers in dental materials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2026)	2	0.03
Failures and complications associated with resorbable and non-resorbable membranes in guided bone regeneration: A systematic review and… (2026)	1	0.02
Do Adjunctive Therapies with Natural Products Improve Periodontal Clinical Parameters After Non-Surgical Treatment? A Systematic Review… (2026)	1	0.00
Prognostic value of NLR versus PLR and LMR in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. (2026)	1	0.01
Effect of root canal filling techniques and materials on endodontic treatment outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2026)	1	0.01
Is There an Association Between Periodontitis and Gestational Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2026)	1	0.02
Influence of Plasma Treatment on the Bonding Strength and Hydrophilicity of Zirconia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2026)	1	0.02
Efficacy of adjunctive antibiotics compared to non-antibiotic therapies following mechanical debridement for peri-implantitis: A… (2026)	1	0.01
Genetic Variants and Dental Caries Susceptibility: An Umbrella Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis. (2026)	1	0.01
From Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) to 3D-Printed Resins: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clear Aligner Material… (2026)	1	0.01
Grading the evidence for the association between periodontal disease and chronic non-communicable diseases: an umbrella review of… (2026)	1	0.01
Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Distribution of Staphylococcus aureus in the Middle East: A Systematic Review and… (2026)	1	0.00
Accuracy of robotic systems in dental implant placement with clinical subgroup analyses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2026)	1	0.01

Review question

Element	Planned (methods)	Found (results)
Population	Patients with temporomandibular disorders and limited mouth opening: unilateral TMD with localized TMJ pain, Wilkes stage 3 or above confirmed by MRI or CT plus clinical evaluation	Patients with TMD and limited mouth opening (n=1533; 38 RCTs)
Intervention	Intra-articular drug injection following joint puncture (arthrocentesis)	Arthrocentesis plus intra-articular HA (18 studies), PRP (9), I-PRF (3), PDGF (2), MOR (1), LA (3), MA (1), TRA (1), SAL (9), GC (11), GLU (5), NS (2)
Comparison	Joint puncture (arthrocentesis) without drug administration	Arthrocentesis alone (2 studies) and other injected agents including saline
Outcomes	Pain (VAS) and maximal mouth opening (MMO); joint lateral movement (LM) and protrusive movement (PM)	MMO (33 studies), VAS (36), LM (9), PM (11)
Study designs	Randomized controlled trials	RCTs (n=38)
Timing	Not specified	Not specified

AMSTAR 2 items

Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.

Item	Extractor A	Extractor B	Agree
1Research question includes PICO components	Yes	Yes	yes
2Protocol established before the reviewcritical	Partial Yes	Partial Yes	yes
3Choice of study designs explained	No	No	yes
4Comprehensive literature searchcritical	Partial Yes	Partial Yes	yes
5Study selection in duplicate	Yes	Yes	yes
6Data extraction in duplicate	Yes	Yes	yes
7List of excluded studies with reasonscritical	No	No	yes
8Included studies described in detail	Partial Yes	Partial Yes	yes
9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycritical	NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes	NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes	yes
10Funding of included studies reported	No	No	yes
11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscritical	RCT: Yes · NRSI: N/A	NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes	no
12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled results	No	No	yes
13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcritical	Yes	Yes	yes
14Heterogeneity explained	Yes	Yes	yes
15Publication bias investigatedcritical	Yes	Yes	yes
16Conflicts of interest reported	Yes	Yes	yes
Overall	Low	Low	yes