Non-Cochrane · prognostic · PM42177492
Prevalence of xerostomia and hyposalivation in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Boonyoung Kanyanuth, Buajeeb Waranun, Panpradit Naruemon, et al. · BMC oral health · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s12903-026-08579-x
Findings
Population Adults aged 60 years and older (excluding systemic conditions causing dry mouth and prior radiotherapy)
100 findings
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Continent: Asia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 28.7 [24.2, 33.4] GRADE not reported 38 studies · 83231 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Continent: South America | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 38.9 [33.2, 44.7] GRADE not reported 20 studies · 9013 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Daytime · Time of day: Day | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.2 [29.4, 35.0] GRADE not reported 119 studies · 170803 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Taiwan | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 15.3 [9.9, 21.5] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 2342 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Diagnostic method: Questionnaires | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.2 [21.2, 44.2] GRADE not reported 16 studies · 5812 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Combined institutional and community · Setting: Combined institutional and community | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 18.9 [9.5, 30.6] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 753 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Diagnostic method: Self-reported | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.5 [29.6, 35.5] GRADE not reported 103 studies · 164991 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: France | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 31.3 [19.3, 44.9] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 856 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Spain | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 55.6 [50.4, 60.7] GRADE not reported 1 study · 356 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Lithuania | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 29.5 [25.0, 34.3] GRADE not reported 1 study · 370 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Thailand | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 38.2 [10.1, 71.5] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 830 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Continent: North America | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 31.9 [20.3, 44.7] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 21335 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Continent: Europe | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.2 [28.4, 38.1] GRADE not reported 42 studies · 53070 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: The Netherlands | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 46.7 [11.7, 83.7] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 3236 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Norway | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 25.7 [19.9, 32.1] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 10020 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Germany | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 81.4 [62.6, 94.7] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 132 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Community-dwelling · Setting: Community-dwelling | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 30.9 [28.0, 34.0] GRADE not reported 95 studies · 160709 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Poland | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.9 [27.3, 39.1] GRADE not reported 1 study · 240 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Risk of bias: Moderate | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.7 [27.9, 39.7] GRADE not reported 28 studies · 25927 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Lebanon | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 69.2 [62.5, 75.1] GRADE not reported 1 study · 201 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: New Zealand | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 31.6 [16.3, 49.4] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 2543 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Hong Kong | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 8.4 [7.0, 23.3] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 3577 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Institutionalized · Setting: Institutionalized | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 43.6 [33.9, 53.5] GRADE not reported 25 studies · 9341 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Chile | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 50.4 [39.2, 61.5] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 341 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Serbia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 59.5 [53.8, 64.9] GRADE not reported 1 study · 301 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: South Korea | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 43.5 [29.3, 58.4] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 11135 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Sex: Men | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 25.5 [20.4, 31.0] GRADE not reported 30 studies · 25574 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: India | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 25.1 [21.1, 29.3] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 426 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Australia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 30.9 [21.3, 41.4] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 1611 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Nighttime · Time of day: Night | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 45.5 [42.5, 48.5] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 12367 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Sensitivity analysis: logit transformation | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 30.9 [28.3, 33.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Study design: Prospective | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 25.8 [22.9, 28.7] GRADE not reported 17 studies · 22592 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Mexico | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.1 [18.3, 49.9] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 2255 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Canada | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 22.6 [18.6, 27.1] GRADE not reported 1 study · 372 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Age cut-off point: Cut-off point 65 | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.2 [28.9, 35.6] GRADE not reported 76 studies · 146043 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Continent: Australia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 31.3 [22.9, 40.3] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 4154 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Belgium | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.8 [28.5, 37.4] GRADE not reported 1 study · 433 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Portugal | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 55.3 [49.7, 60.8] GRADE not reported 1 study · 302 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: England | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 30.2 [18.4, 43.5] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 2753 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Brazil | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 37.2 [31.0, 43.7] GRADE not reported 13 studies · 6642 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Iran | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 10.7 [7.7, 14.7] GRADE not reported 1 study · 300 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Sensitivity analysis: Freeman-Tukey double-arcsine transformation | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.3 [29.6, 35.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Sensitivity analysis: trim-and-fill method | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.5 [29.2, 35.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.4 [29.6, 35.2] GRADE not reported 119 studies · 170803 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: USA | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.7 [19.7, 47.2] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 20738 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Sex: Both sexes | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.5 [30.4, 36.7] GRADE not reported 87 studies · 118586 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Age cut-off point: Cut-off point 60 | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.4 [27.1, 37.9] GRADE not reported 48 studies · 26748 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Study design: Cross-sectional | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.4 [30.2, 36.8] GRADE not reported 102 studies · 148211 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Croatia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 54.8 [49.5, 60.0] GRADE not reported 1 study · 341 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Risk of bias: High | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.0 [28.8, 35.3] GRADE not reported 91 studies · 144876 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Japan | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 26.2 [21.7, 30.9] GRADE not reported 16 studies · 59906 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Sex: Women | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.2 [26.6, 40.0] GRADE not reported 30 studies · 26643 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Denmark | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 29.3 [10.7, 52.6] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 1215 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Finland | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 30.0 [12.1, 51.9] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 3360 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Jordan | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.0 [26.6, 38.0] GRADE not reported 1 study · 253 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Greece | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.8 [24.0, 45.1] GRADE not reported 1 study · 74 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: China | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 28.9 [20.9, 37.7] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 3960 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Italy | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 16.7 [1.3, 44.1] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 1368 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Turkey | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 34.9 [29.1, 41.3] GRADE not reported 1 study · 229 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of xerostomia Country: Sweden | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 25.3 [16.3, 35.5] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 27785 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Sensitivity analysis: Freeman-Tukey double-arcsine transformation | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.9 [25.6, 40.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Saudi Arabia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 64.5 [56.2, 72.0] GRADE not reported 1 study · 138 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Sweden | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 27.9 [20.8, 35.6] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 1520 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Age cut-off point: Cut-off point 60 | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 39.6 [26.6, 53.5] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 3539 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Norway | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 43.7 [36.2, 51.5] GRADE not reported 1 study · 158 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Study design: Cross-sectional | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.0 [24.6, 42.0] GRADE not reported 28 studies · 8448 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Sensitivity analysis: logit transformation | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 31.5 [24.5, 39.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: USA | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 23.6 [8.5, 43.2] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 753 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Continent: Australia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 22.3 [19.4, 25.4] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 734 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Sex: Both sexes | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 36.9 [25.4, 49.2] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 3080 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Continent: Asia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.2 [22.3, 45.1] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 3755 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Indonesia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 41.7 [30.1, 54.3] GRADE not reported 1 study · 60 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Ireland | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 7.2 [4.9, 10.5] GRADE not reported 1 study · 334 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: New Zealand | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 26.0 [15.9, 39.6] GRADE not reported 1 study · 50 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Croatia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 46.5 [8.2, 87.6] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 682 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.0 [25.7, 40.7] GRADE not reported 32 studies · 10396 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Risk of bias: High | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.5 [25.5, 40.0] GRADE not reported 29 studies · 8789 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Finland | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 46.7 [41.2, 52.3] GRADE not reported 1 study · 306 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Collection method: Stimulated salivary flow (SSF) | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 29.9 [20.9, 39.7] GRADE not reported 20 studies · 7057 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Combined institutional and community · Setting: Combined institutional and community | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 34.2 [16.6, 54.5] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 258 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Thailand | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 41.5 [29.3, 54.9] GRADE not reported 1 study · 53 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Institutionalized · Setting: Institutionalized | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 46.4 [29.5, 63.7] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 935 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Sex: Women | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 34.5 [23.4, 46.6] GRADE not reported 16 studies · 4567 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Germany | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 64.3 [45.8, 79.3] GRADE not reported 1 study · 28 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Canada | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 44.2 [36.7, 52.1] GRADE not reported 1 study · 156 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Continent: North America | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 28.5 [14.7, 44.8] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 909 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Collection method: Either USF or SSF | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 41.5 [29.3, 54.9] GRADE not reported 1 study · 53 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Continent: South America | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 56.4 [37.1, 74.7] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 881 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Age cut-off point: Cut-off point 65 | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 28.8 [21.6, 36.5] GRADE not reported 21 studies · 6946 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Risk of bias: Moderate | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 36.9 [11.8, 66.7] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 1607 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Australia | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 22.1 [19.1, 25.3] GRADE not reported 1 study · 684 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Study design: Prospective | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 33.1 [20.2, 47.6] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 1948 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Sex: Men | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 22.9 [14.3, 32.8] GRADE not reported 16 studies · 3627 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Community-dwelling · Setting: Community-dwelling | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 29.3 [21.6, 37.6] GRADE not reported 25 studies · 9203 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Japan | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 23.8 [14.0, 35.2] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 3394 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Brazil | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 56.4 [37.1, 74.7] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 881 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Denmark | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 6.4 [5.1, 8.0] GRADE not reported 1 study · 1089 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Collection method: Unstimulated salivary flow (USF) | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 39.0 [27.9, 50.7] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 4685 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Continent: Europe | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 32.2 [20.1, 45.5] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 4117 participants |
| Not applicable (single-group prevalence) | Not applicable | Prevalence of hyposalivation Country: Pakistan | Prevalence (pooled proportion) 70.0 [60.9, 77.8] GRADE not reported 1 study · 110 participants |
Included primary studies 124
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lin 2022 Physical Frailty and Oral Frailty Associated with Late-Life Depression in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. PMID:35330459 | 2022 | 4 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Deco 2014 Depressed herpes simplex virus-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis in individuals with severe recurrent herpes infections. PMID:201413 | 1978 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gil-Montoya 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Iwasaki 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Johansson 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saarela 2019 Burden of Oral Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life in Long-Term Care Settings in Helsinki, Finland DOI:10.1007/s12603-019-1268-9 | 2019 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Salmi 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Adolfsson 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmad 2017 The Impact of Hyposalivation on Quality of Life (QoL) and Oral Health in the Aging Population of Al Madinah Al Munawarrah DOI:10.3390/ijerph14040445 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al‐Dwairi 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arslan 2009 Impact of xerostomia on oral complaints in a group of elderly Turkish removable denture wearers DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2008.09.008 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Åstrøm 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barbe 2018 Xerostomia and hyposalivation in orthogeriatric patients with fall history and impact on oral health-related quality of life DOI:10.2147/cia.s178370 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Beltrán 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Benn 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Billings 1993 An Epidemiologic Perspective of Saliva Flow Rates as Indicators of Susceptibility to Oral Disease DOI:10.1177/10454411930040031301 | 1993 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Billings 1996 Xerostomia and associated factors in a community‐dwelling adult population DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1996.tb00868.x | 1996 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Blasi 2024 Ectopia renal pelviana bilateral. PMID:20249355 | 1946 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Buhl 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Buranarom 2020 Hyposalivation, oral health, and Candida colonization in independent dentate elders DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0242832 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Caetano-Santos 2025 Oral health behaviors and associated factors in older adults: a cross-sectional study DOI:10.3389/froh.2025.1716964 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Caplan 1996 Salivary flow and risk of tooth loss in an elderly population DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1996.tb00816.x | 1996 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Castrejón-Pérez 2012 Oral health conditions and frailty in Mexican community-dwelling elderly: a cross sectional analysis DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-12-773 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Castrejón-Pérez 2017 Negative impact of oral health conditions on oral health related quality of life of community dwelling elders in Mexico city, a population… DOI:10.1111/ggi.12780 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Choi 2021 Factors Influencing Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults in Rural Areas: Oral Dryness and Oral Health Knowledge and Behavior DOI:10.3390/ijerph18084295 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Crews 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Desoutter 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dodderi 2024 Prevalence of Self-Reported Swallowing Difficulties and Swallowing-Related Quality of Life Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in India DOI:10.1007/s00455-024-10696-0 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Drachev 2022 Dentistry on stamps. Dr Cheddi Jagan, dentist & head of state. PMID:20222219 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dwipa 2023 MDR1 gene expression and treatment outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. PMID:2023272 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Edman 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ekbäck 2009 Variation in subjective oral health indicators of 65-year-olds in Norway and Sweden DOI:10.1080/00016350902908780 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El Osta 2014 The pertinence of oral health indicators in nutritional studies in the elderly DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.05.012 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Field 2001 Age and medication are significant risk factors for xerostomia in an English population, attending general dental practice DOI:10.1111/j.1741-2358.2001.00021.x | 2001 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Flink 2008 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fornari 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fure 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gerdin 2005 Impact of dry mouth conditions on oral health‐related quality of life in older people DOI:10.1111/j.1741-2358.2005.00087.x | 2005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gilbert 1993 Oral Signs, Symptoms, and Behaviors in Older Floridians DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1993.tb02694.x | 1993 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Glazar 2010 Oral sensorial complaints, salivary flow rate and mucosal lesions in the institutionalized elderly DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02027.x | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Glažar 2016 SALIVARY FLOW RATE, ORAL YEAST COLONIZATION AND DENTAL STATUS IN INSTITUTIONALIZED AND NON-INSTITUTIONALIZED ELDERLY DOI:10.20471/acc.2016.55.03.06 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Góis 2019 Prevalence and Associated Factors With Voice Disorders in Brazilian Community-dwelling Older Adults DOI:10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.02.025 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Grossmann 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hakuta 2009 Evaluation of an oral function promotion programme for the independent elderly in Japan DOI:10.1111/j.1741-2358.2008.00269.x | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hasselgren 2025 The Association Between Oral Diseases, Symptoms, and Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life in 70‐Year‐Olds: A Cross‐Sectional Study DOI:10.1111/ger.70004 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hayes 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hedna 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Henriksen 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Herrmann 2017 Xerostomie und ihr Einfluss auf die mundgesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität DOI:10.1007/s00391-015-0968-y | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Huppertz 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ikebe 2001 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ikebe 2002 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ikebe 2007 Impact of dry mouth and hyposalivation on oral health-related quality of life of elderly Japanese DOI:10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.12.001 | 2007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Imazato 2006 Prevalence of root caries in a selected population of older adults in Japan DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2006.01547.x | 2006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Iwai 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Iwasaki 2016 Hyposalivation and dietary nutrient intake among community‐based older <scp>J</scp>apanese DOI:10.1111/ggi.12500 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jiang 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Johansson 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kamińska-Pikiewicz 2015 The incidence of oral dryness in people over 65 years living in Lublin DOI:10.1515/cipms-2015-0082 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kongstad 2013 Findings from the oral health study of the Danish Health Examination Survey 2007–2008 DOI:10.3109/00016357.2013.776701 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kossioni 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kotronia 2022 Oral health problems and risk of incident disability in two studies of older adults in the <scp>United Kingdom</scp> and the <scp>United… DOI:10.1111/jgs.17792 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kreher 1987 The relationship of drug use to denture function and saliva flow rate in a geriatric population DOI:10.1016/0022-3913(87)90350-7 | 1987 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kruger 2007 The oral health and treatment needs of community‐dwelling older people in a rural town in Western Australia DOI:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2007.00187.x | 2007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kubo 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kudo 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kunrath 2021 Oral health and depressive symptoms among older adults: longitudinal study DOI:10.1080/13607863.2020.1855104 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kuze 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Langari 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lee 2014 Self-reported prevalence and severity of xerostomia and its related conditions in individuals attending hospital for general health… DOI:10.1016/j.ijom.2013.10.011 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lee 2016 Xerostomia Among Older Adults With Low Income: Nuisance or Warning? DOI:10.1111/jnu.12185 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Leung 2016 Factors associated with chewing problems and oral dryness among older <scp>C</scp>hinese people in <scp>H</scp>ong Kong DOI:10.1111/ger.12116 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liang 2020 Impact of periodontal disease and chewing ability on the quality of life of the elderly in an affluent community DOI:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.01.002 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Locker 1993 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Loesche 1995 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lone 2017 Association of salivary gland hypofunction with diabetes mellitus and drugs among the elderly in Karachi, Pakistan DOI:10.1111/jicd.12209 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lozano 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lu 2020 Dysphagia and masticatory performance as a mediator of the xerostomia to quality of life relation in the older population DOI:10.1186/s12877-020-01901-4 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lucena 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| MacEntee 1993 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mao 2019 Perceived Stress, Social Support, and Dry Mouth Among US Older Chinese Adults DOI:10.1111/jgs.15890 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mariño 2008 Self‐reported and clinically determined oral health status predictors for quality of life in dentate older migrant adults DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00378.x | 2007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mascarenhas 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Matsushita 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mello 2022 Dysphagia Perception Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults from a Municipality in Southern Brazil DOI:10.1007/s00455-021-10347-8 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Morita 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Muneshwar 2023 Oral Manifestation in Postmenopausal Women of Maharashtra, Western Region. PMID:37680378 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Murray Thomson 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Närhi 1993 Salivary Yeasts, Saliva, and Oral Mucosa in the Elderly DOI:10.1177/00220345930720060301 | 1993 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Närhi 1994 Prevalence of Subjective Feelings of Dry Mouth in the Elderly DOI:10.1177/00220345940730010301 | 1994 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nederfors 1997 Prevalence of perceived symptoms of dry mouth in an adult Swedish population ‐ relation to age, sex and pharmacotherapy DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00928.x | 1997 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Niklander 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nishioka 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Norlén 1996 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ohara 2016 Prevalence and factors associated with xerostomia and hyposalivation among community‐dwelling older people in <scp>J</scp>apan DOI:10.1111/ger.12101 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ohara 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Osterberg 1984 Salivary flow, saliva, pH and buffering capacity in 70‐year‐old men and women DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1984.tb00565.x | 1984 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Osterberg 1992 Longitudinal study of stimulated whole saliva in an elderly population DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1992.tb01084.x | 1992 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Petrovic 2016 Oral health-related quality of life of institutionalized elderly in Serbia DOI:10.2298/vsp150720228p | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Porter 2015 The impact of oral health on the quality of life of nursing home residents DOI:10.1186/s12955-015-0300-y | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Quandt 2009 Disparities in Oral Health Status Between Older Adults in a Multiethnic Rural Community: The Rural Nutrition and Oral Health Study DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02367.x | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Quandt 2011 Dry Mouth and Dietary Quality in Older Adults in North Carolina DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03309.x | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rech 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rodríguez-Oria 2026 Xerostomia and Oral Health–Related Quality of Life in Chilean Older Adults Living in Long‐Term Care Facilities DOI:10.1111/ger.70061 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rosa 2020 Important oral care needs of older French people: A cross-sectional study DOI:10.1016/j.respe.2020.01.135 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saintrain 2018 Subjective well-being and oral discomfort in older people DOI:10.1017/s1041610218000145 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Solemdal 2012 The Impact of Oral Health on Taste Ability in Acutely Hospitalized Elderly DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0036557 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sonpanao 2023 Apoptosis in amphibian organs during metamorphosis. PMID:20238476 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Storbeck 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sugihara 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tepox-Puga 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Thomson 1993 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Thomson 1999 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Toida 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Uathitirat 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| van der Putten 2011 The diagnostic suitability of a xerostomia questionnaire and the association between xerostomia, hyposalivation and medication use in a… DOI:10.1007/s00784-010-0382-1 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vandenbulcke 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Velázquez-Olmedo 2021 Oral health condition and development of frailty over a 12-month period in community‐dwelling older adults DOI:10.1186/s12903-021-01718-6 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Villa 2011 Risk factors and symptoms associated with xerostomia: a cross‐sectional study DOI:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01347.x | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Villa 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wiener 2010 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia in Dentate Older Adults DOI:10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0161 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yu 2008 Impact of oral health status on oral health-related quality of life in Chinese hospitalised geriatric patients DOI:10.1007/s11136-008-9314-9 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zainuddin 2026 Measuring Dry Mouth in Older People in Residential Care DOI:10.1111/ger.70021 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Participants aged 60 years and above (studies of mixed-age populations excluded); studies in patients with systemic conditions causing dry mouth or prior radiotherapy excluded | Older adults aged >=60 years: 170,803 participants for xerostomia (119 study populations from 116 studies), 10,396 for hyposalivation (32 studies) |
| Intervention | Not applicable (prevalence review) | Not applicable |
| Comparison | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Outcomes | Prevalence of xerostomia (validated questionnaires or self-reported dry mouth) and hyposalivation (unstimulated or stimulated salivary flow rate) | Xerostomia prevalence 32.4% (95% CI 29.6-35.2); hyposalivation prevalence 33.0% (95% CI 25.7-40.7) |
| Study designs | Observational studies reporting prevalence (cross-sectional, prospective) | 128 studies; xerostomia: 102 cross-sectional and 17 prospective study populations; hyposalivation: 28 cross-sectional and 4 prospective |
| Timing | Prevalence at baseline for longitudinal studies | Studies published 1984 to 2026 |