Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM41839221
The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Tooth Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Chen Ziqi, Kaur Gagandeep, Kaunein Nadia, et al. · Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1111/jcpe.70110
Findings
20 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General population | Current tobacco smoking | Non-smoking or never smoking | Tooth loss Mean follow-up 9.3 years | RR 1.41 [1.24, 1.60] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias 5 studies · 64413 participants |
| General population | Current tobacco smoking | Non-smoking or never smoking | Tooth loss Sensitivity analysis: fixed-effects model | RR 1.51 [1.48, 1.55] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| General population | Past (former) tobacco smoking | Non-smoking or never smoking | Tooth loss Mean follow-up 13 years | RR 1.21 [1.07, 1.37] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias 2 studies · 35522 participants |
| General population | Past (former) tobacco smoking | Non-smoking or never smoking | Tooth loss Sensitivity analysis: fixed-effects model | RR 1.18 [1.13, 1.23] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| General population | Current light smokers (<=15 or 20 cigarettes/day) | Non-smoking or never smoking | Tooth loss Smoking intensity: light smokers | RR 1.59 [1.52, 1.66] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| General population | Current heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes/day) | Non-smoking or never smoking | Tooth loss Smoking intensity: heavy smokers | RR 1.57 [1.16, 2.12] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| People with different socioeconomic status | Tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Tooth loss (effect by socioeconomic status) Socioeconomic status | None of the included studies reported the effect of smoking on tooth loss stratified by SES No studies found 0 studies · 0 participants |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) Low SDI countries, males | PAF (%) 2.13 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) High-middle SDI countries, males | PAF (%) 7.51 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) High SDI countries, males | PAF (%) 3.56 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) Middle SDI countries, females | PAF (%) 0.73 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) High SDI countries, females | PAF (%) 2.09 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) High-middle SDI countries, females | PAF (%) 1.22 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) Middle SDI countries, males | PAF (%) 4.80 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) Low-middle SDI countries, females | PAF (%) 0.37 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) Low SDI countries, females | PAF (%) 0.37 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) Females | PAF (%) 2.60 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) Low-middle SDI countries, males | PAF (%) 3.14 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) Global | PAF (%) 7.44 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People worldwide (global burden) | Daily tobacco smoking | Non-smoking | Population attributable fraction of tooth loss (severe tooth loss and edentulism) Males | PAF (%) 11.79 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
Included primary studies 59
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thorstensson 2010 Why do some people lose teeth across their lifespan whereas others retain a functional dentition into very old age? PMID:19545321 | 2010 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Iwasaki 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
| Okamoto 2006 Effects of smoking and drinking habits on the incidence of periodontal disease and tooth loss among Japanese males: a 4-yr longitudinal… PMID:17076782 | 2006 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Song 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Astrom 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Astrom 2011 Socio-behavioral predictors of changes in dentition status: a prospective analysis of the 1942 Swedish birth cohort. PMID:21114515 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Astrom 2011 (second report) matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bergström 1989 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bergström 1989 Cigarette smoking as risk factor in chronic periodontal disease. PMID:2791514 | 1989 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Buchwald 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Buchwald 2013 Tooth loss and periodontitis by socio-economic status and inflammation in a longitudinal population-based study. PMID:23379538 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Copeland 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Copeland 2004 Predictors of tooth loss in two US adult populations. PMID:15078059 | 2004 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| De Marchi 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
| De Marchi 2012 Four-year incidence and predictors of tooth loss among older adults in a southern Brazilian city. PMID:22564001 | 2012 | this review only | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
| Dietrich 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dietrich 2015 Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk of Tooth Loss: The EPIC-Potsdam Study. PMID:26243734 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eklund 1994 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eklund 1994 Risk factors for total tooth loss in the United States; longitudinal analysis of national data. PMID:8164192 | 1994 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Furuta 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Furuta 2022 Baseline periodontal status and modifiable risk factors are associated with tooth loss over a 10-year period: Estimates of population… PMID:34435683 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hach 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
| Hach 2019 Social inequality in tooth loss, the mediating role of smoking and alcohol consumption. PMID:31111525 | 2019 | this review only | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
| Haworth 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
| Haworth 2018 Tooth loss is a complex measure of oral disease: Determinants and methodological considerations. PMID:29956852 | 2018 | this review only | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
| Holm 1994 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Holm 1994 Smoking as an additional risk for tooth loss. PMID:7853136 | 1994 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Iwasaki 2018 Effect of lifestyle on 6-year periodontitis incidence or progression and tooth loss in older adults. PMID:29764002 | 2018 | this review only | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
| Jansson 2002 (Jansson and Lavstedt) matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jansson 2002a Influence of smoking on marginal bone loss and tooth loss--a prospective study over 20 years. PMID:12390572 | 2002 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jansson 2002b Prediction of marginal bone loss and tooth loss--a prospective study over 20 years. PMID:12390562 | 2002 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Klein 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Klein 2004 Life-style correlates of tooth loss in an adult Midwestern population. PMID:15341137 | 2004 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Krall 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Krall 1997 Smoking, smoking cessation, and tooth loss. PMID:9326897 | 1997 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Krall 1999 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Krall 1999 Alveolar bone loss and tooth loss in male cigar and pipe smokers. PMID:9919032 | 1999 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mihara 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mihara 2020 Occlusal support predicts tooth loss in older Japanese people. PMID:31876315 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nakahori 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nakahori 2019 Socioeconomic status and remaining teeth in Japan: results from the Toyama dementia survey. PMID:31164111 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Okamoto 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Osterberg 1991 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Osterberg 1991 Cohort comparisons of dental status in the adult Swedish population between 1975 and 1981. PMID:1889190 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Qureshi 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Qureshi 2018 Effect of tobacco use on tooth loss among patients visiting the out-patient dental department of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. PMID:29887612 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silveira 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silveira 2022 Tobacco Use and Incidence of Adverse Oral Health Outcomes Among US Adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. PMID:36484986 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Similä 2015 Association between smoking intensity and duration and tooth loss among Finnish middle-aged adults: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966… PMID:26576994 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Slade 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Slade 1997 Two-year incidence of tooth loss among South Australians aged 60+ years. PMID:9429816 | 1997 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Song 2024 Smoking status and edentulism among older Chinese: a cohort study. PMID:39643801 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Thorstensson 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vettore 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vettore 2016 Social position, social ties and adult's oral health: 13 year cohort study. PMID:26673750 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Weintraub 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Weintraub 2019 Factors Associated With Becoming Edentulous in the US Health and Retirement Study. PMID:31335967 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yanagisawa 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
| Yanagisawa 2009 Relationship of smoking and smoking cessation with number of teeth present: JPHC Oral Health Study*. PMID:18761641 | 2009 | this review only | Tooth loss | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | General population of any age or gender; excluded specific occupations or medical conditions | General population (30 studies; 193,150 individuals; meta-analysis of 5 studies) |
| Intervention | Tobacco smoking (current and former smoking; frequency, intensity and lifetime exposure) | Current smoking (n=5 studies in meta-analysis); past smoking (n=2); light and heavy smoking (n=2) |
| Comparison | Never smoking or non-smoking | Non-smokers or never smokers |
| Outcomes | Tooth loss, number of teeth lost, severe tooth loss, edentulism, non-traumatic tooth extraction | Tooth loss (30 studies; edentulism in some) |
| Study designs | Cohort studies reporting follow-up duration and case-control studies | 3 case-control and 27 cohort studies; meta-analysis restricted to cohort studies |
| Timing | Not specified | Mean follow-up 9.3 years (current smoking) and 13 years (past smoking) in meta-analyses |