Non-Cochrane · prevalence · PM42026892
Global and regional knowledge of antibiotic use and resistance among healthcare students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Auta Asa, Hedima Erick Wesley, Adewuyi Emmanuel O, et al. · British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1002/bcp.70575
Findings
200 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 88.7 [87.0, 90.5] GRADE not reported 59 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that resistant infections make surgery, organ transplants and cancer treatment more difficult University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 76.1 [67.0, 85.3] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · Analysis set for heterogeneity and Egger test (Table S8) | Proportion (%) 89.1 [87.4, 90.9] GRADE not reported 57 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Analysis set for heterogeneity and Egger test (Table S8) | Proportion (%) 70.3 [65.9, 74.7] GRADE not reported 73 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · Sensitivity analysis excluding studies at high risk of bias (MERSQI) | Proportion (%) 88.0 [85.9, 90.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 77.9 [73.6, 82.2] GRADE not reported 44 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective or leads to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 87.0 [85.1, 89.0] GRADE not reported 63 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Recognition of antibiotic resistance as a global public health threat University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 84.2 [81.1, 87.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Awareness of antibiotic resistance University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 89.8 [88.0, 91.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that broad-spectrum instead of equally effective narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 71.7 [66.6, 76.9] GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 51.5 [41.6, 61.4] GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 70.0 [65.6, 74.4] GRADE not reported 74 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Sensitivity analysis excluding studies at high risk of bias (MERSQI) | Proportion (%) 71.3 [66.6, 76.0] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 76.2 [72.2, 80.2] GRADE not reported 42 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that colds and flu are not caused by bacteria University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 57.4 [49.0, 65.8] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 57.9 [51.5, 64.3] GRADE not reported 51 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · Analysis set for heterogeneity and Egger test (Table S8) | Proportion (%) 78.8 [74.6, 83.1] GRADE not reported 42 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread from person to person University and college healthcare education programmes | Proportion (%) 62.2 [52.4, 72.0] GRADE not reported 10 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that broad-spectrum instead of equally effective narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · Analysis set for heterogeneity and Egger test (Table S8) | Proportion (%) 71.3 [65.9, 76.8] GRADE not reported 19 studies |
| Healthcare students (all, global) | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Analysis set for heterogeneity and Egger test (Table S8) | Proportion (%) 58.7 [52.2, 65.2] GRADE not reported 49 studies |
| Healthcare students in East Asia and Pacific | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: East Asia and Pacific | Proportion (%) 58.9 [45.9, 71.8] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Colds and flu: antibiotics are ineffective (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: North America | Pooled proportion (%) 98.0 [94.5, 99.3] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Broad-spectrum instead of narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: North America | Pooled proportion (%) 84.0 [77.6, 88.8] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Broad-spectrum instead of narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: East Asia and Pacific | Pooled proportion (%) 79.2 [74.6, 83.1] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Awareness of antibiotic resistance Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: North America | Pooled proportion (%) 93.0 [88.1, 96.0] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in East Asia and Pacific | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that resistant infections make surgery, organ transplants and cancer treatment more difficult University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: East Asia and Pacific | Proportion (%) 83.1 [70.4, 95.8] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: North America | Pooled proportion (%) 96.0 [91.8, 98.1] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Viral infections: antibiotics are ineffective against viruses (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: North America | Pooled proportion (%) 98.0 [94.5, 99.3] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread from person to person (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: South Asia | Pooled proportion (%) 59.2 [54.7, 63.6] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Colds and flu: antibiotics do not speed up recovery (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: North America | Pooled proportion (%) 98.0 [94.5, 99.3] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread from person to person (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Pooled proportion (%) 57.3 [49.5, 64.8] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students in East Asia and Pacific | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: East Asia and Pacific | Proportion (%) 85.1 [76.5, 93.7] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Resistant infections make medical procedures much more difficult (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Pooled proportion (%) 65.8 [59.9, 71.3] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students in East Asia and Pacific | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: East Asia and Pacific | Proportion (%) 59.1 [39.7, 78.6] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: North America | Pooled proportion (%) 96.0 [91.8, 98.1] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Broad-spectrum instead of narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: Latin America and Caribbean | Pooled proportion (%) 74.5 [71.6, 78.9] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Unnecessary antibiotic use makes them ineffective or leads to resistance (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: Latin America and Caribbean | Pooled proportion (%) 88.0 [79.4, 93.3] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students in East Asia and Pacific | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: East Asia and Pacific | Proportion (%) 91.6 [87.5, 95.7] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Healthcare students in East Asia and Pacific | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: East Asia and Pacific | Proportion (%) 81.4 [79.7, 83.0] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Broad-spectrum instead of narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: Europe and Central Asia | Pooled proportion (%) 88.0 [82.5, 91.9] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by World Bank region | Not reported | None | Unnecessary antibiotic use makes them ineffective or leads to resistance (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · World region: North America | Pooled proportion (%) 98.0 [94.5, 99.3] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students in East Asia and Pacific | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: East Asia and Pacific | Proportion (%) 50.6 [30.4, 87.7] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Healthcare students in East Asia and Pacific | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread from person to person University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: East Asia and Pacific | Proportion (%) 66.9 [49.0, 84.7] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Healthcare students by professional category | Not reported | None | Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread from person to person (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · Student category: Medical students | Pooled proportion (%) 59.2 [54.0, 64.2] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students by professional category | Not reported | None | Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread from person to person (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · Student category: Nursing students | Pooled proportion (%) 60.8 [58.0, 63.6] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students in Europe and Central Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Europe and Central Asia | Proportion (%) 84.3 [78.1, 90.4] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Healthcare students in Europe and Central Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Europe and Central Asia | Proportion (%) 80.6 [70.7, 90.5] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Healthcare students in Europe and Central Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Europe and Central Asia | Proportion (%) 80.5 [69.3, 91.8] GRADE not reported 10 studies |
| Healthcare students in Europe and Central Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Europe and Central Asia | Proportion (%) 74.0 [64.7, 83.3] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Healthcare students by professional category | Not reported | None | Colds and flu: antibiotics do not speed up recovery (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · Student category: Veterinary students | Pooled proportion (%) 56.8 [54.2, 59.3] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Healthcare students in Europe and Central Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Europe and Central Asia | Proportion (%) 62.1 [25.7, 98.6] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Healthcare students in Europe and Central Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective or leads to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Europe and Central Asia | Proportion (%) 90.8 [87.0, 94.5] GRADE not reported 10 studies |
| Healthcare students in Europe and Central Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Europe and Central Asia | Proportion (%) 85.3 [79.0, 91.5] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 87.1 [83.0, 91.2] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 59.1 [30.4, 87.7] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 71.8 [59.6, 84.1] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that colds and flu are not caused by bacteria University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 58.7 [50.1, 67.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 69.0 [61.3, 76.8] GRADE not reported 14 studies |
| Healthcare students by country | Not reported | None | Viral infections: antibiotics are ineffective against viruses (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · Country: United States | Pooled proportion (%) 98.0 [94.5, 99.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that broad-spectrum instead of equally effective narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 70.2 [54.3, 86.1] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Healthcare students by country | Not reported | None | Colds and flu: antibiotics are ineffective (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · Country: United States | Pooled proportion (%) 98.0 [94.5, 99.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread from person to person University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 59.5 [43.6, 75.4] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Awareness of antibiotic resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 86.9 [82.5, 91.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students by country | Not reported | None | Colds and flu: antibiotics do not speed up recovery (correct knowledge) Student surveys in 43 countries · Country: United States | Pooled proportion (%) 98.0 [94.5, 99.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective or leads to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 83.9 [78.9, 88.0] GRADE not reported 14 studies |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 66.8 [52.9, 80.7] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| Healthcare students in Middle East and North Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Middle East and North Africa | Proportion (%) 44.9 [32.0, 57.9] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that resistant infections make surgery, organ transplants and cancer treatment more difficult University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 70.8 [67.7, 73.8] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 89.8 [87.4, 92.2] GRADE not reported 25 studies |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 67.9 [61.5, 74.2] GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that broad-spectrum instead of equally effective narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 69.2 [58.8, 79.6] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective or leads to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 86.7 [83.5, 89.9] GRADE not reported 26 studies |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 65.8 [55.0, 76.6] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 41.3 [33.5, 49.1] GRADE not reported 17 studies |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 57.7 [46.0, 69.4] GRADE not reported 17 studies |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that colds and flu are not caused by bacteria University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 55.3 [35.6, 74.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in South Asia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: South Asia | Proportion (%) 79.7 [73.2, 86.2] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that broad-spectrum instead of equally effective narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 67.8 [59.4, 78.2] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 82.8 [74.7, 90.8] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective or leads to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 87.2 [82.3, 92.1] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 62.5 [44.5, 80.6] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that resistant infections make surgery, organ transplants and cancer treatment more difficult University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 72.8 [68.0, 77.7] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that colds and flu are not caused by bacteria University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 60.9 [53.7, 67.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 80.2 [69.5, 90.8] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 52.4 [40.8, 64.1] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 73.6 [58.3, 88.9] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Healthcare students in Sub-Saharan Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Sub-Saharan Africa | Proportion (%) 88.4 [82.1, 94.7] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Healthcare students in Latin America and Caribbean | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Latin America and Caribbean | Proportion (%) 59.0 [52.1, 65.9] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Healthcare students in Latin America and Caribbean | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Latin America and Caribbean | Proportion (%) 70.3 [63.6, 76.9] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Healthcare students in Latin America and Caribbean | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that colds and flu are not caused by bacteria University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Latin America and Caribbean | Proportion (%) 59.6 [52.7, 66.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Latin America and Caribbean | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · World region: Latin America and Caribbean | Proportion (%) 88.0 [85.4, 90.5] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Medical students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective or leads to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Medical students | Proportion (%) 88.3 [84.3, 92.4] GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| Medical students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that broad-spectrum instead of equally effective narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Medical students | Proportion (%) 71.5 [62.4, 80.6] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| Medical students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Medical students | Proportion (%) 76.0 [69.3, 82.6] GRADE not reported 14 studies |
| Medical students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Medical students | Proportion (%) 75.9 [70.9, 80.9] GRADE not reported 29 studies |
| Medical students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Medical students | Proportion (%) 78.1 [70.6, 85.7] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Medical students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Medical students | Proportion (%) 56.2 [45.1, 67.2] GRADE not reported 10 studies |
| Medical students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that colds and flu are not caused by bacteria University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Medical students | Proportion (%) 58.7 [41.2, 76.1] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Medical students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Medical students | Proportion (%) 67.0 [56.5, 77.4] GRADE not reported 14 studies |
| Medical students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Medical students | Proportion (%) 90.8 [88.5, 93.2] GRADE not reported 23 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective or leads to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 86.6 [82.9, 90.3] GRADE not reported 13 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread from person to person University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 72.6 [52.4, 93.0] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 68.1 [51.9, 84.3] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that colds and flu are not caused by bacteria University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 56.1 [47.0, 65.3] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 53.2 [30.2, 76.3] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that resistant infections make surgery, organ transplants and cancer treatment more difficult University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 82.2 [68.3, 96.1] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 71.4 [60.2, 82.5] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 52.2 [42.8, 61.6] GRADE not reported 14 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 82.7 [75.6, 89.8] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 90.6 [85.8, 95.4] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Pharmacy students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that broad-spectrum instead of equally effective narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Pharmacy students | Proportion (%) 76.3 [67.9, 84.6] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Nursing students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Nursing students | Proportion (%) 89.7 [80.5, 99.0] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Nursing students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Nursing students | Proportion (%) 73.6 [58.6, 88.7] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Nursing students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that broad-spectrum instead of equally effective narrow-spectrum antibiotics contributes to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Nursing students | Proportion (%) 62.8 [36.6, 89.0] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Nursing students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Nursing students | Proportion (%) 74.2 [31.2, 117.1] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Nursing students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective or leads to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Nursing students | Proportion (%) 80.6 [68.0, 93.3] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Nursing students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Nursing students | Proportion (%) 58.9 [38.0, 79.8] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| Nursing students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that resistant infections make surgery, organ transplants and cancer treatment more difficult University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Nursing students | Proportion (%) 74.9 [72.8, 77.1] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Nursing students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Nursing students | Proportion (%) 83.1 [74.5, 91.6] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Nursing students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Nursing students | Proportion (%) 71.6 [50.0, 93.2] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Veterinary students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that patients should not stop antibiotics as soon as they feel better University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Veterinary students | Proportion (%) 76.8 [73.1, 80.4] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Veterinary students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics can lead to side effects or risks (diarrhoea, colitis, allergic reactions) University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Veterinary students | Proportion (%) 65.5 [61.8, 69.2] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Veterinary students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective or leads to resistance University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Veterinary students | Proportion (%) 93.3 [88.6, 97.9] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Veterinary students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Veterinary students | Proportion (%) 62.7 [44.3, 81.1] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Veterinary students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Veterinary students | Proportion (%) 93.0 [88.7, 97.2] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Veterinary students | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Student category: Veterinary students | Proportion (%) 75.8 [58.2, 93.3] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Healthcare students in United Kingdom | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: United Kingdom | Proportion (%) 81.5 [70.9, 92.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in United Kingdom | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: United Kingdom | Proportion (%) 97.0 [93.4, 98.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in United Kingdom | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: United Kingdom | Proportion (%) 98.4 [97.2, 99.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Poland | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Poland | Proportion (%) 94.0 [90.4, 97.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Poland | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Poland | Proportion (%) 88.3 [86.4, 90.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Iraq | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Iraq | Proportion (%) 93.0 [90.7, 95.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Iraq | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Iraq | Proportion (%) 84.3 [80.5, 88.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Iraq | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Iraq | Proportion (%) 21.8 [15.6, 29.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Zambia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Zambia | Proportion (%) 65.0 [60.8, 69.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Zambia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Zambia | Proportion (%) 92.2 [89.8, 94.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Jordan | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Jordan | Proportion (%) 85.5 [82.7, 87.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Jordan | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Jordan | Proportion (%) 76.7 [73.5, 79.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Spain | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Spain | Proportion (%) 94.5 [92.3, 96.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Spain | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Spain | Proportion (%) 59.2 [55.2, 63.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Spain | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Spain | Proportion (%) 84.3 [81.1, 87.0] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Italy | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Italy | Proportion (%) 43.0 [34.0, 52.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Italy | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Italy | Proportion (%) 82.8 [80.7, 85.0] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in West Bank and Gaza | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: West Bank and Gaza | Proportion (%) 82.0 [77.9, 85.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in South Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: South Africa | Proportion (%) 74.2 [65.9, 81.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in South Africa | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: South Africa | Proportion (%) 80.6 [72.8, 86.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Mexico | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Mexico | Proportion (%) 80.0 [70.4, 87.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Libya | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Libya | Proportion (%) 79.1 [70.6, 85.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Sri Lanka | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Sri Lanka | Proportion (%) 17.7 [10.8, 27.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Sri Lanka | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Sri Lanka | Proportion (%) 60.1 [45.7, 74.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Sri Lanka | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Sri Lanka | Proportion (%) 78.9 [74.3, 83.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Malaysia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Malaysia | Proportion (%) 75.4 [69.8, 80.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Malaysia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Malaysia | Proportion (%) 74.9 [71.0, 78.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Malaysia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Malaysia | Proportion (%) 65.6 [58.9, 71.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Rwanda | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Rwanda | Proportion (%) 74.7 [68.7, 79.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Rwanda | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Rwanda | Proportion (%) 74.7 [68.7, 79.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Ethiopia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Ethiopia | Proportion (%) 35.0 [30.0, 40.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Ethiopia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Ethiopia | Proportion (%) 70.2 [64.0, 75.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Ethiopia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Ethiopia | Proportion (%) 70.2 [64.0, 75.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Japan | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Japan | Proportion (%) 55.8 [52.7, 58.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Japan | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Japan | Proportion (%) 70.0 [66.4, 73.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Pakistan | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Pakistan | Proportion (%) 68.7 [49.4, 88.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Pakistan | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Pakistan | Proportion (%) 37.3 [33.9, 40.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Pakistan | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Pakistan | Proportion (%) 49.1 [32.7, 65.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Bangladesh | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Bangladesh | Proportion (%) 68.5 [66.4, 70.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Bangladesh | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Bangladesh | Proportion (%) 56.8 [54.2, 59.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in India | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: India | Proportion (%) 68.2 [59.4, 76.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in India | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: India | Proportion (%) 42.7 [29.4, 56.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in India | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: India | Proportion (%) 66.1 [52.8, 79.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Oman | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Oman | Proportion (%) 67.8 [63.5, 71.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Oman | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Oman | Proportion (%) 54.7 [50.2, 59.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Ghana | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Ghana | Proportion (%) 66.9 [61.0, 72.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Ghana | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Ghana | Proportion (%) 40.0 [37.1, 43.0] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in United Arab Emirates | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: United Arab Emirates | Proportion (%) 34.2 [30.5, 38.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in United Arab Emirates | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: United Arab Emirates | Proportion (%) 65.8 [61.9, 69.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Nepal | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Nepal | Proportion (%) 64.7 [55.5, 73.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Nepal | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Nepal | Proportion (%) 41.2 [34.0, 48.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Saudi Arabia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Saudi Arabia | Proportion (%) 38.6 [34.9, 42.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Saudi Arabia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Saudi Arabia | Proportion (%) 62.8 [45.0, 80.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Saudi Arabia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Saudi Arabia | Proportion (%) 33.5 [28.3, 39.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Indonesia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Indonesia | Proportion (%) 61.0 [56.8, 65.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Egypt | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Egypt | Proportion (%) 27.5 [22.1, 33.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Egypt | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Egypt | Proportion (%) 55.4 [48.8, 61.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Dominica | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Dominica | Proportion (%) 55.0 [44.4, 65.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Dominica | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Dominica | Proportion (%) 55.0 [44.4, 65.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in China | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: China | Proportion (%) 37.5 [35.9, 39.0] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in China | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: China | Proportion (%) 45.7 [43.5, 47.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Turkey | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Turkey | Proportion (%) 28.8 [26.6, 31.0] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Turkey | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Turkey | Proportion (%) 41.0 [38.7, 43.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Mali | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Mali | Proportion (%) 32.1 [27.9, 36.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Mali | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Mali | Proportion (%) 39.9 [35.5, 44.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Thailand | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Thailand | Proportion (%) 29.7 [27.2, 32.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Thailand | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Thailand | Proportion (%) 30.3 [23.8, 37.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Australia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Australia | Proportion (%) 84.0 [80.6, 86.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Serbia | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Serbia | Proportion (%) 81.3 [77.2, 84.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Trinidad and Tobago | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Trinidad and Tobago | Proportion (%) 62.0 [52.6, 70.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in South Korea | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: South Korea | Proportion (%) 62.0 [56.3, 67.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Sudan | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Sudan | Proportion (%) 61.5 [58.8, 64.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Nigeria | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics are ineffective against colds and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Nigeria | Proportion (%) 33.9 [31.1, 36.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Healthcare students in Uganda | Knowledge assessment of antibiotic use and resistance (no intervention) | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Correct knowledge that antibiotics do not speed up recovery from the common cold and flu University and college healthcare education programmes · Country level estimate: Uganda | Proportion (%) 77.4 [74.7, 80.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
Included primary studies 137
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 7 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gupta et al 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khan et al 2021 [Lipoproteins as serum inhibitors in rubella hemagglutination inhibition test and their elimination (author's transl)]. PMID:202112 | 1977 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yang et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Choi et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Golding et al 2022 Solvent use as a precursor to intravenous drug abuse. PMID:2022112 | 1991 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saksena et al 2025 Factors affecting the interferon sensitivity of human cytomegalovirus. PMID:202571 | 1978 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sharma et al 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sharon 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yahya et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abd el aleim et al 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abdelkarim et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abdu-Aguye et al 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abuawad et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abubakar et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Achi et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmad et al 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Akande-Sholabi and Ajamu 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Akbar et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Akbulut 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Haifi et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Qerem et al 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-rudaini et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Sadoon 2020 Who teaches what in teaching the present and future primary care workforce? PMID:20202313 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Taani et al 2022 Ellipsometry data analysis aided by derivative plots in n,K-space. PMID:20221111 | 1980 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Almadah et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alsaleh et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alsayed et al 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Assar et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Augie et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Azechi et al 2022 The effects of initial interval size on the efficacy of DRO schedules of reinforcement. PMID:2022233 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Babuya et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Betancourt et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bharti et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bonna et al 2024 Serum activity inhibiting specific simian virus 40-induced transplantation resistance and its correlation with primary SV40 tumors… PMID:202479 | 1978 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bukhsh et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chakravarty et al 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chapot et al 2021 Bereavement and grieving after spontaneous abortion. PMID:2021103 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Corrente et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dass et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| De and Mukherjee 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dyar et al 2018 Blockade of presynaptic alpha-receptors and of amine uptake in the rat brain by the antidepressant mianserine. PMID:201871 | 1977 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elmahi et al 2022 Cyclosporine and liver regeneration studied by in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PMID:2022171 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Emera et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fetensa et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gayathri et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hagiya et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hameed et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Haque et al 2019 Characteristics of heart sarcolemmal calcium transport system and effect of protein kinase on sarcolemmal calcium accumulation. PMID:201983 | 1976 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Harakeh et al 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hayat et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hayat et al 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Higuita-Gutiérrez et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Homsi et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Horvat et al 2022 Coexistence of bulimia nervosa and mania: a literature review and case report. PMID:2022118 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hu et al 2018 Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. PMID:2018156 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hussain et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hussain et al 2021 Clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. PMID:2021107 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ijaz et al 2025 The glucose transport activity of GLUT1 is markedly decreased by substitution of a single amino acid with a different charge at residue 415. PMID:2025301 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Inácio 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Inacio et al 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jairoun et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jayawardhana et al 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jayaweerasingham et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jianvitayakij et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kahkashan et al 2022 Interaction of retroviruses with chemical carcinogens. Covalent binding of (+/-)7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha,… PMID:6160816 | 1980 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kandasamy et al 2020 Effect of a participatory intervention with women's groups on birth outcomes and maternal depression in Jharkhand and Orissa, India: a… PMID:20207411 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kanneppady et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kanyike et al 2022 Sleep apnea and panic attacks. PMID:2022111 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Karthik et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kaushik 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Keziah and Pandunrangan 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khajuria et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khanikar et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lomi et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lubwama et al 2021 Varicella disciform stromal keratitis. PMID:2021165 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Magbol et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Manning et al 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Marta-Costa et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mech et al 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Meher et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Memon et al 2021 ATP formation associated with fumarate and nitrate reduction in growing cultures of Veillonella alcalescens. PMID:202192 | 1977 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mohan et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mubarak et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mudenda et al 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nair et al 2020 Pathologic and hemodynamic sequelae of unilobar biliary obstruction and associated liver atrophy. PMID:2020913 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Narasimha 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Narasimha Murthy et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nayak et al 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nisabwe et al 2020 [Assessment of left ventricular function by gated cardiac blood-pool emission computed tomography using a rotating gamma camera]. PMID:2020137 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nowbuth et al 2023 [Activity of glucose-6-phosphate metabolism enzymes in the livers of rats with experimental valekson poisoning]. PMID:202353 | 1977 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nukaly et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nwafia et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Okedo-Alex et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Olatunde 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Olatunde and Owolabi 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Orhan et al 2022 Tomato chocolàte virus: a new plant virus infecting tomato and a proposed member of the genus Torradovirus. PMID:20229114 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Orok et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Owusu-Ofori et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Panthi et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pradhan et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Precha et al 2024 [Somatic complications of hard drugs]. PMID:2024191 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rabano-Blanko et al 2019 Significance of the membrane protein phospholamban in cyclic AMP-mediated regulation of calcium transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum. PMID:201984 | 1976 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Raees et al 2023 Evidence for descending tonic inhibition specifically affecting sympathetic pathways to the kidney in rats. PMID:2023121 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rajiah et al 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Reena 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Reena and Ittyachen 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rehman et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Riaz et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sahib 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sahib et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saikia et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sakeena et al 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sakeena et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sakr et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sannathimmappa et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Scaioli et al 2015 Studies of the permeability of isolated porcine peritoneum to nutrients: saccharides. PMID:2015104 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Seid and Hussen 2018 Manual versus MEDLINE searches. PMID:2018181 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shah et al 2019 Prenatal diagnosis of an intertwin membrane hematoma. PMID:20191620 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shahnaz et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shrestha 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sivanandy 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sivanandy and Jie 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sobierajski et al 2021 Mechanical surface analysis of bone: a case study of cut marks and enamel hypoplasia on a Neolithic cranium from Sweden. PMID:2021188 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sowmya et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Struzycka et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Swachia et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Syahniar et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tariq et al 2021 Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Riddell groundsel (Senecio riddellii) to cattle. PMID:2021243 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tarun and Sonal 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tayyab et al 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Teague et al 2023 Factors associated with risky sexual behaviour: a comparison of British, Spanish and German holidaymakers to the Balearics. PMID:20231212 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yadav et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zawahir et al 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zencirci et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zulu et al 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Students enrolled in healthcare programmes (medicine, nursing, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, dentistry) | Healthcare students, 131 studies, 56,674 students from 43 countries (medical n=71 studies, pharmacy 44, nursing 28, dentistry 21, veterinary 9) |
| Intervention | Not applicable (no intervention; prevalence of correct knowledge) | Not applicable |
| Comparison | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Outcomes | Percentage of correct responses to eleven knowledge questions on antibiotic use and resistance (Table S2), plus awareness of antibiotic resistance and recognition as a global public health threat | Pooled correct knowledge for 11 antibiotic use and resistance items plus awareness of resistance (89.8%) and global public health threat (84.2%) |
| Study designs | Observational and interventional quantitative studies in English, 2015 to 2025; qualitative studies, reviews, editorials, opinion articles and conference abstracts excluded | 131 studies, 97.7% single-group cross-sectional or posttest-only designs; MERSQI mean 10.40 (low risk of bias 14, moderate 96, high 21) |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |