Non-Cochrane · DTA · PM41827247
Salivary Glucose Testing for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Evidence and Methodological Heterogeneity.
Haba Kata Sára, Kreuter Patrik Krisztián, Qian Xinyi, et al. · Journal of clinical medicine · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.3390/jcm15051829
Findings
12 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Whole-mouth (unstimulated) salivary glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Intercept of meta-regression of mean salivary glucose on mean blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva (mg/dL) Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls · All groups (diabetic and non-diabetic) | Meta-regression intercept 11.249221820 [3.8521, 18.6464] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Whole-mouth (unstimulated) salivary glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Slope of meta-regression of mean salivary glucose on mean blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls · Diabetic groups only | Meta-regression slope -0.05827962 [-0.2624, 0.1459] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Whole-mouth (unstimulated) salivary glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Slope of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva (mg/dL per mg/dL) Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Regression slope 0.037 GRADE not reported 9 studies · 796 participants |
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Whole-mouth (unstimulated) salivary glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | R2 0.05 GRADE not reported 9 studies · 796 participants |
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Whole-mouth (unstimulated) salivary glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Slope of meta-regression of mean salivary glucose on mean blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls · All groups (diabetic and non-diabetic) | Meta-regression slope 0.002053316 [-0.0001, 0.0042] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Whole-mouth (unstimulated) salivary glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Intercept of meta-regression of mean salivary glucose on mean blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva (mg/dL) Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls · Diabetic groups only | Meta-regression intercept 24.03240110 [-11.3478, 59.4126] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Whole-mouth (unstimulated) salivary glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Slope of meta-regression of mean salivary glucose on mean blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls · Non-diabetic (healthy) groups only | Meta-regression slope 1.260388 [0.0505, 2.4703] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Whole-mouth (unstimulated) salivary glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Intercept of meta-regression of mean salivary glucose on mean blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva (mg/dL) Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls · Non-diabetic (healthy) groups only | Meta-regression intercept -101.979497 [-210.2081, 6.2491] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus and healthy controls | Parotid saliva glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, parotid saliva Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | R2 0.11 GRADE not reported 3 studies · 122 participants |
| Fasting people with diabetes mellitus and healthy controls | Parotid saliva glucose, glucose oxidase method | Blood glucose (reference measurement) | Slope of salivary glucose on blood glucose, parotid saliva (mg/dL per mg/dL) Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | Regression slope 0.153 GRADE not reported 3 studies · 122 participants |
| Fasting participants with diabetes mellitus (including T2DM, T1DM, IGT) versus healthy controls | Diabetes mellitus group (salivary and blood glucose levels) | Non-diabetic healthy control group | Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic Paired saliva and blood samples after overnight fast (at least 8 h) · Clinical and outpatient studies, mainly India; adults and children with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls | MD 81.59 [63.18, 100.01] GRADE not reported 20 studies · 3048 participants |
| Participants with diabetes mellitus versus non-diabetic participants, fasting | Participants with diabetes mellitus (group mean) | Non-diabetic participants (group mean) | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL) Single fasting sampling (at least 8 h overnight fast) · Clinical and hospital samples · Overall | MD 4.43 [2.05, 6.80] GRADE not reported 23 studies · 3245 participants |
Included primary studies 25
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sharon 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| AlQusayer 2019 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2542068 | NR | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Borg 1998 Glucose concentration in parotid saliva after glucose/food intake in individuals with glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus. PMID:9786322 | 1998 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL) | not extracted yet |
| Carramolino-Cuellar 2017 Salivary glucose as a metabolic control marker in patients with type 2 diabetes. PMID:28691471 | 2017 | this review only | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva; Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Choudhry 2022 Validation of salivary glucose as a screening tool of diabetes mellitus. PMID:35405049 | 2022 | this review only | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva; Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Cui 2022 Correlations of Salivary and Blood Glucose Levels among Six Saliva Collection Methods. PMID:35409805 | 2022 | this review only | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva; Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, parotid saliva; Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Dhanya 2016 Salivary glucose as a diagnostic tool in Type II diabetes mellitus: A case-control study. PMID:27251965 | 2016 | this review only | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva; Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Egboh 2022 Comparative Analysis of Fasting Blood Glucose and Salivary Electrolytes Concentrations among Individuals with Type II Diabetes: A… PMID:36518417 | 2022 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL) | not extracted yet |
| Ephraim 2019 Fasting salivary glucose levels is not a better measure for identifying diabetes mellitus than serum or capillary blood glucose levels:… PMID:30886931 | 2019 | this review only | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva; Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Forbat 1981 Glucose concentrations in parotid fluid and venous blood of patients attending a diabetic clinic. PMID:7288781 | 1981 | this review only | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva; Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, parotid saliva | not extracted yet |
| Ganesan 2022 Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose as a Reliable Alternative in Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study. PMID:36110787 | 2022 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Gupta 2015 Evaluation of Correlation of Blood Glucose and Salivary Glucose Level in Known Diabetic Patients. PMID:26155553 | 2015 | this review only | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva; Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Harish 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Harish 2019 DOI:10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.10(1).401-06 | 2019 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Kadashetti 2015 Glucose Level Estimation in Diabetes Mellitus By Saliva: A Bloodless Revolution. PMID:26710500 | 2015 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL) | not extracted yet |
| Manjrekar 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Mrag 2020 Saliva diagnostic utility in patients with type 2 diabetes: Future standard method. PMID:33033445 | 2020 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Mussavira 2015 Salivary glucose and antioxidant defense markers in type II diabetes mellitus. PMID:25790543 | 2015 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Nirmala 2019 SALIVARY GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION IN TYPE-II DIABETIC PEOPLE: A CASE–CONTROL STUDY DOI:10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i11.34739 | 2019 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Panda 2012 Glucose estimation in the salivary secretion of diabetes mellitus patients. PMID:22923999 | 2012 | this review only | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva; Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Ravindran 2015 Estimation of Salivary Glucose and Glycogen Content in Exfoliated Buccal Mucosal Cells of Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. PMID:26155572 | 2015 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Shahbaz 2014 Salivary alterations in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients: Salivary glucose could be noninvasive tool for monitoring diabetes mellitus. PMID:25307901 | 2014 | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Sharma 2020 DOI:10.36848/pmr/2020/12100.51265 | NR | this review only | Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
| Sreedevi 2008 Comparison of serum glucose and salivary glucose in diabetic patients DOI:10.4103/0972-1363.44354 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2017 Evaluation of Parotid Salivary Glucose Level for Clinical Diagnosis and Monitoring Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. PMID:28251153 | 2017 | this review only | Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, whole-mouth saliva; Coefficient of determination (r2) of salivary glucose on blood glucose, parotid saliva; Salivary glucose level (mg/dL); Blood glucose level (mg/dL), diabetic minus non-diabetic | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| Global and regional knowledge of antibiotic use and resistance among healthcare students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2026) | 1 | 0.01 |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | General population (people with diabetes mellitus and healthy individuals) | Patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and healthy adults and children (n=25) |
| Intervention | Salivary glucose test using the glucose-oxidase method | Salivary glucose, glucose-oxidase methods (n=25) |
| Comparison | Not specified | Blood glucose reference measurement (n=25) |
| Outcomes | Correlation (r2) between salivary and blood glucose; group mean difference between diabetic and non-diabetic participants | IPD r2 whole-mouth (n=9 studies, 796 patients); parotid (n=3 studies); mean difference salivary glucose (n=23 comparisons); blood glucose (n=20 comparisons) |
| Study designs | Human clinical studies (RCTs, observational, case series); overnight fasting; English full text | 22 observational studies, 1 RCT, 1 case-control, 1 cross-sectional |
| Timing | Fasting paired samples | Fasting single sampling |