Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM40928380
Bladder cancer risk factors: a comprehensive umbrella review of meta-analyses.
Zhang Desheng, Ren Junwei, Ye Junjiang, et al. · International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000003371
Findings
184 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adults | Higher red meat intake | Lower red meat intake | Risk of bladder cancer Non-European populations | RR 1.47 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | Higher red meat intake | Lower red meat intake | Risk of bladder cancer Studies published after 2008 | RR 1.26 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | Higher red meat intake | Lower red meat intake | Risk of bladder cancer Case-control studies | RR 1.31 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | Higher red meat intake | Lower red meat intake | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.23 [1.08, 1.39] Very low 20 studies · 1267801 participants |
| Adults | Higher processed meat | Lower processed meat | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.16 [1.08, 1.25] Low 19 studies · 772304 participants |
| Adults | Higher processed meat | Lower processed meat | Risk of bladder cancer Non-European populations | RR 1.39 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | Higher fish | Lower fish | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.80 [0.67, 0.95] Very low 15 studies · 363935 participants |
| Adults | Higher fish | Lower fish | Risk of bladder cancer Populations outside Europe/USA | RR 0.60 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | Processed meat consumption: 50 g per day increment | Reference level (per-increment dose-response) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.20 [1.06, 1.37] Very low 10 studies · 575231 participants |
| Adults | Red meat consumption: 100 g per day increment | Reference level (per-increment dose-response) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.22 [1.05, 1.41] Very low 12 studies · 1062781 participants |
| Adults | Higher total fruit and vegetables | Lower total fruit and vegetables | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.84 [0.74, 0.94] Very low 10 studies · 583117 participants |
| Adults | Higher total vegetables | Lower total vegetables | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.83 [0.77, 0.89] Very low 20 studies · 1049757 participants |
| Adults | Higher total fruit | Lower total fruit | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.82 [0.76, 0.88] Very low 26 studies · 1099780 participants |
| Adults | Higher vitamin E | Lower vitamin E | Risk of bladder cancer RCTs | RR 1.10 [0.86, 1.35] Low 3 studies · 78590 participants |
| Adults | Vitamin E: high | Vitamin E: low | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.84 [0.72, 0.96] Very low 8 studies · 497011 participants |
| Adults | Higher dietary fat intake | Lower dietary fat intake | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.28 [1.04, 1.58] Very low 11 studies · 484117 participants |
| Adults | Higher Western diet | Lower Western diet | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.52 [1.36, 1.67] Low 4 studies · 582705 participants |
| Adults | Higher Mediterranean diet | Lower Mediterranean diet | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.92 [0.87, 0.96] Very low 6 studies · 1169220 participants |
| Adults | Higher total fluid intake | Lower total fluid intake | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.16 [1.00, 1.36] Very low 20 studies · 471244 participants |
| Adults | Cruciferous vegetable intake of at least 412.5 g per week | Lower intake (dose-response reference) | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 0.79 [0.67, 0.92] Low 6 studies · 3854 participants |
| Adults | Higher cruciferous vegetable intake (amount unspecified) | Lower cruciferous vegetable intake | Risk of bladder cancer Case-control studies | OR 0.55 [0.35, 0.88] Very low 6 studies · 3854 participants |
| Adults | Higher cruciferous vegetable intake (amount unspecified) | Lower cruciferous vegetable intake | Risk of bladder cancer Cohort studies | OR 1.00 [0.88, 1.13] Very low 10 studies · 1463894 participants |
| Adults | Higher broccoli consumption | Lower broccoli consumption | Risk of bladder cancer Case-control studies | OR 0.698 [0.578, 0.844] Low 3 studies · 6046 participants |
| Adults | Higher broccoli consumption | Lower broccoli consumption | Risk of bladder cancer Cohort studies | RR 0.610 [0.428, 0.870] Very low 1 study · 47909 participants |
| Adults | Higher dietary glycemic index | Lower dietary glycemic index | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.23 [1.09, 1.40] Low 3 studies |
| Adults | Liquor or spirits: 12 g increment | Reference level (per-increment dose-response) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.09 [1.01, 1.17] Very low 5 studies |
| Adults | Higher milk | Lower milk | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.89 [0.81, 0.98] Very low 18 studies · 462066 participants |
| Adults | Higher whole milk | Lower whole milk | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.21 [1.04, 1.38] Very low 4 studies · 4870 participants |
| Adults | Higher fermented dairy products | Lower fermented dairy products | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.78 [0.61, 0.94] Very low 5 studies · 271382 participants |
| Adults | Egg consumption | Reference category per source meta-analysis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.11 [0.90, 1.35] Very low 13 studies · 184727 participants |
| Adults | Coffee consumption: 125 ml /d increment | Reference level (per-increment dose-response) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.01 [0.98, 1.03] Very low 15 studies · 2106261 participants |
| Adults | Higher total carotenoid intake | Lower total carotenoid intake | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.88 [0.76, 1.03] Very low 11 studies · 521015 participants |
| Adults | Higher circulating carotenoid concentrations | Lower circulating carotenoid concentrations | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.36 [0.12, 1.07] Very low 3 studies · 1546 participants |
| Adults | Higher white meat | Lower white meat | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.96 [0.83, 1.10] Very low 15 studies · 758212 participants |
| Adults | Higher white meat | Lower white meat | Risk of bladder cancer Non-European populations | RR 0.75 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | Higher total tea consumption | Lower total tea consumption | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.96 [0.86, 1.06] Very low 32 studies · 491321 participants |
| Adults | Higher black tea consumption | Lower black tea consumption | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.84 [0.70, 1.01] Very low 10 studies · 62008 participants |
| Adults | Higher green tea consumption | Lower green tea consumption | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.95 [0.73, 1.24] Very low 7 studies · 503110 participants |
| Adults | Higher dietary inflammatory potential | Lower dietary inflammatory potential | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.22 [0.97, 1.54] Very low 6 studies · 373010 participants |
| Adults | Higher Dietary Inflammatory Index | Lower Dietary Inflammatory Index | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.04 [0.94, 1.13] Very low 4 studies · 258078 participants |
| Adults | Higher soft drinks | Lower soft drinks | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.13 [0.89, 1.45] Very low 5 studies |
| Adults | Light alcohol consumption | No alcohol consumption | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.96 [0.84, 1.08] Very low 2 studies · 488213 participants |
| Adults | Moderate alcohol consumption | No alcohol consumption | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.90 [0.53, 1.51] Very low 2 studies · 488213 participants |
| Adults | Heavy alcohol consumption | No alcohol consumption | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.97 [0.69, 1.37] Very low 2 studies · 488213 participants |
| Adults | Beer: 12 g increment | Reference level (per-increment dose-response) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.03 [0.98, 1.08] Very low 5 studies |
| Adults | Wine: 12 g increment | Reference level (per-increment dose-response) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.01 [0.97, 1.05] Very low 4 studies |
| Adults | High-dose vitamin A | Low-dose vitamin A | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.86 [0.65, 1.13] Low 5 studies |
| Adults | High-dose vitamin B6 | Low-dose vitamin B6 | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.77 [0.49, 1.20] Low 3 studies |
| Adults | High-dose vitamin C | Low-dose vitamin C | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.74 [0.36, 1.54] Low 2 studies |
| Adults | High-dose vitamin D | Low-dose vitamin D | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.05 [0.85, 1.29] Low 1 study |
| Adults | High-dose beta-carotene | Low-dose beta-carotene | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.19 [0.96, 1.46] Moderate 6 studies |
| Adults | High-dose dietary nitrate | Low-dose dietary nitrate | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 1.01 [0.76, 1.33] Very low 10 studies · 715657 participants |
| Adults | Moderate-dose dietary nitrate | Low-dose dietary nitrate | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 1.18 [0.87, 1.59] Very low 12 studies · 1193628 participants |
| Adults | High-dose dietary nitrite | Low-dose dietary nitrite | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 0.91 [0.75, 1.11] Very low 6 studies · 421648 participants |
| Adults | Moderate-dose dietary nitrite | Low-dose dietary nitrite | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 1.42 [0.97, 2.09] Very low 7 studies · 722581 participants |
| Adults | Higher sugar-sweetened beverages | Lower sugar-sweetened beverages | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.14 [0.98, 1.33] Very low 6 studies · 239587 participants |
| Adults | Higher potato consumption | Lower potato consumption | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.72 [0.46, 1.14] Very low 5 studies · 5023 participants |
| Adults | Higher total dairy products | Lower total dairy products | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.92 [0.72, 1.13] Very low 6 studies · 207706 participants |
| Adults | Higher cheese | Lower cheese | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.93 [0.79, 1.07] Very low 7 studies · 274291 participants |
| Adults | Higher butter | Lower butter | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.00 [0.95, 1.06] Very low 5 studies · 191031 participants |
| Adults | Higher total meat | Lower total meat | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.10 [0.92, 1.31] Very low 11 studies · 137163 participants |
| Adults | Higher total meat | Lower total meat | Risk of bladder cancer Studies published after 2008 | RR 1.31 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | Higher total meat | Lower total meat | Risk of bladder cancer Higher quality score studies | RR 1.27 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | Cruciferous vegetable intake above 262.5 g per week | Lower intake (dose-response reference) | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 0.91 [0.77, 1.07] Very low 10 studies · 1463894 participants |
| Adults | With Lynch syndrome | Without Lynch syndrome | Relative risk of bladder cancer | RR 7.48 [3.70, 15.13] Low 4 studies · 6760 participants |
| Adults | Diastolic blood pressure, per 10 mmHg increment | Reference level (per-increment dose-response) | Risk of MIBC | OR 1.14 [1.00, 1.20] Very low 2 studies |
| Men with prostate cancer | With radiotherapy for prostate cancer | Without radiotherapy for prostate cancer | Secondary bladder cancer in men | HR 1.60 [1.33, 1.92] Very low 16 studies · 209494 participants |
| Men | With Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Without Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Risk of bladder cancer in men Asian populations | RR 1.95 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Men | With Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Without Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Risk of bladder cancer in men Hospital-based studies | RR 1.71 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Men | With Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Without Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Risk of bladder cancer in men Caucasian populations | RR 1.51 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Men | With Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Without Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Risk of bladder cancer in men Studies with NOS score >6 | RR 1.75 [1.38, 2.22] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Men | With Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Without Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Risk of bladder cancer in men Population-based studies | RR 2.18 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Men | With Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Without Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Risk of bladder cancer in men | RR 1.71 [1.39, 2.11] Low 6 studies · 629896 participants |
| Men | With Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Without Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Risk of bladder cancer in men Case-control studies | RR 2.50 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Men | With Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Without Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Risk of bladder cancer in men Cohort studies | RR 1.58 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With urinary tract infection | Without urinary tract infection | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.33 [1.14, 1.55] Very low 8 studies · 29837 participants |
| Adults | With urinary calculi | Without urinary calculi | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 1.87 [1.45, 2.41] Very low 13 studies · 182408 participants |
| Adults | With cutaneous T-cell lymphoma | Without cutaneous T-cell lymphoma | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 1.72 [1.07, 2.48] Very low 8 studies · 4139 participants |
| Adults | With renal transplant | Without renal transplant | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 3.18 [1.34, 7.53] Very low 11 studies · 81394 participants |
| Adults | With overall atopy | Without overall atopy | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.31 [1.10, 1.56] Very low 10 studies · 2335074 participants |
| Adults | With asthma | Without asthma | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.46 [1.18, 1.80] Very low 7 studies · 2171549 participants |
| Adults | With lupus erythematosus | Without lupus erythematosus | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.66 [1.07, 2.59] Very low 12 studies · 2806175 participants |
| Adults | With primary colorectal cancer | Without primary colorectal cancer | Secondary bladder cancer | RR 1.19 [1.06, 1.33] Very low 7 studies · 42880 participants |
| Adults | With metabolic syndrome | Without metabolic syndrome | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.09 [1.02, 1.17] Very low 2 studies · 12934208 participants |
| Adults | With diabetes | Without diabetes | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.23 [1.16, 1.31] Very low 17 studies · 83699162 participants |
| Adults | With ANCA-associated vasculitis | Without ANCA-associated vasculitis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 3.84 [2.72, 5.42] Moderate 5 studies |
| Women | Breast cancer diagnosed at any age | Women without breast cancer (general population) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.15 [1.05, 1.26] Very low 8 studies |
| Women | Breast cancer diagnosed before age 50 | Women without breast cancer (general population) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.32 [1.17, 1.48] Very low 4 studies |
| Adults | With systemic sclerosis | Without systemic sclerosis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 2.00 [1.06, 3.77] Very low 2 studies |
| Adults | With depression and anxiety | Without depression and anxiety | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.53 [1.00, 2.34] Very low 4 studies |
| Adults | With psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis | Without psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.12 [1.04, 1.19] Very low 9 studies · 1147009 participants |
| Adults | With ankylosing spondylitis | Without ankylosing spondylitis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.21 [0.92, 1.60] Very low 5 studies · 58503 participants |
| Adults | With inflammatory bowel disease | Without inflammatory bowel disease | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.99 [0.87, 1.12] Very low 11 studies · 533167 participants |
| Adults | With hepatitis C virus infection | Without hepatitis C virus infection | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.92 [0.82, 1.03] Very low 5 studies |
| Adults | With periodontal disease | Without periodontal disease | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.19 [0.95, 1.49] Very low 3 studies |
| Adults | With rhinitis | Without rhinitis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.03 [0.74, 1.44] Very low 4 studies · 1177243 participants |
| Women | Breast cancer diagnosed at age 50 or over | Women without breast cancer (general population) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.08 [0.89, 1.30] Very low 4 studies |
| Adults | With opium consumption | Without opium consumption | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 4.07 [3.23, 5.12] Moderate 15 studies · 60225 participants |
| Adults | Aspirin use, mean duration ≥5 years | Non-users (reference per source meta-analysis) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.92 [0.88, 0.96] Very low 7 studies · 1028458 participants |
| Adults | Aspirin use, mean duration <5 years | Non-users (reference per source meta-analysis) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.90 [0.84, 0.96] Very low 8 studies · 1105506 participants |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Studies conducted in Europe | OR 1.17 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer RCTs | OR 1.84 [0.99, 3.42] Moderate 2 studies · 9114 participants |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Cohort studies (observational subgroup) | OR 1.12 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Comparison with non-TZD users | OR 1.62 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Cohort and case-control studies | OR 1.13 [1.03, 1.25] Low 20 studies · 4846088 participants |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Duration of use >2 years | OR 1.49 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Cumulative dose 10.5-28 g | OR 1.27 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Studies adjusted for smoking | OR 1.28 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Duration of use 1-2 years | OR 1.25 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Non-industry funded studies | OR 1.20 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With pioglitazone | Without pioglitazone | Risk of bladder cancer Cumulative dose >28 g | OR 1.66 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Adults | With angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | Without angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.04 [1.00, 1.08] Very low 4 studies · 2560819 participants |
| Adults | With angiotensin II receptor blockers | Without angiotensin II receptor blockers | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.07 [1.03, 1.11] Low 5 studies · 1547916 participants |
| Patients with type 2 diabetes | With metformin | Without metformin | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 0.76 [0.63, 0.91] Very low 3 studies · 465588 participants |
| Patients with diabetes | With insulin glargine | Without insulin glargine | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 0.6 [0.37, 0.99] Very low 4 studies · 75702 participants |
| Adults | With 5-alpha reductase inhibitors | Without 5-alpha reductase inhibitors | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 0.75 [0.64, 0.88] Low 4 studies · 180829 participants |
| Patients with type 2 diabetes | Use of thiazolidinediones | No use | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.13 [1.05, 1.23] Very low 7 studies · 2161655 participants |
| Adults | Use of acetaminophen | No use | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.01 [0.88, 1.17] Very low 10 studies · 97108 participants |
| Adults | Use of non-aspirin NSAIDs | No use | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.87 [0.73, 1.05] Very low 6 studies · 761678 participants |
| Adults | With calcium channel blockers | Without calcium channel blockers | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.16 [0.91, 1.47] Very low 6 studies · 1097423 participants |
| Adults | With diuretics | Without diuretics | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.16 [0.93, 1.46] Very low 2 studies · 67504 participants |
| Women | With estrogen-progestogen therapy for hormone replacement therapy | Without estrogen-progestogen therapy for hormone replacement therapy | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.79 [0.59, 1.06] Very low 5 studies |
| Adults | With sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors | Without sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.93 [0.71, 1.21] Moderate 6 studies · 87218 participants |
| Adults | Statins | Placebo | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.89 [0.68, 1.16] Moderate 4 studies · 27849 participants |
| Adults | Statins | Controls | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.32 [0.76, 2.30] Low 6 studies · 1166668 participants |
| Adults | With spironolactone | Without spironolactone | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.89 [0.74, 1.06] Very low 3 studies · 254392 participants |
| Adults | Androgen deprivation therapy | No androgen suppression therapy | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 1.00 [0.46, 2.15] Very low 4 studies · 242845 participants |
| Adults | Androgen suppression therapy (total) | No androgen suppression therapy | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 0.92 [0.68, 1.24] Very low 8 studies · 423674 participants |
| Patients with type 2 diabetes | Use of thiazolidinediones: rosiglitazone | No use | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.08 [0.95, 1.23] Very low 3 studies · 1508042 participants |
| Patients with type 2 diabetes | Duration of pioglitazone use (thiazolidinediones) | Reference category per source meta-analysis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.22 [0.93, 1.59] Very low 11 studies |
| Adults | Exposure to disinfection by-products | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.59 [1.24, 2.04] Very low 11 studies · 978500 participants |
| Adults | Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5): 5 μg/m3 increment | Reference level (per-increment dose-response) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.07 [1.03, 1.11] Moderate 8 studies · 470260109 participants |
| Adults | Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): 10 μg/m3 increment | Reference level (per-increment dose-response) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.04 [1.00, 1.07] Low 6 studies · 1925421 participants |
| Adults | Pesticide exposure | Non-pesticide exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 1.65 [1.22, 2.22] Very low 10 studies |
| Adults | Long-term chlorinated drinking water consumption | Short-term chlorinated drinking water consumption | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 1.4 [1.2, 1.7] Very low 5 studies · 15694 participants |
| Adults | With secondhand smoking | Without secondhand smoking | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.22 [1.06, 1.40] Very low 14 studies · 325264 participants |
| Adults | Healthiest lifestyle | Least healthy lifestyle | Risk of bladder cancer | HR 0.83 [0.76, 0.91] Very low 2 studies |
| Adults | Higher smoking intensity | Lower smoking intensity | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.83 [1.75, 1.91] Very low 31 studies · 3569804 participants |
| Adults | High physical activity | Low physical activity | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.85 [0.74, 0.98] Very low 15 studies · 5402369 participants |
| Adults | Exposure to chloroform | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.00 [0.99, 1.02] Very low 3 studies · 89434 participants |
| Adults | Nitrate in drinking water | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | OR 1.00 [0.69, 1.45] Very low 3 studies · 8679 participants |
| Military veterans | Military veterans exposed to contaminated drinking water | General population | Risk of bladder cancer | HR 1.25 [0.97, 1.61] Very low 2 studies · 370408 participants |
| Adult workers | Exposure to tetrachloroethylene | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.47 [1.16, 1.85] Very low 8 studies |
| Adult workers | Painters | Non-painters | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.25 [1.16, 1.34] Low 41 studies |
| Adult workers | Rubber-manufacturing industry work | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.36 [1.18, 1.57] Very low 54 studies · 367994 participants |
| Adult workers | Hairdressers | Non-hairdressers | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.30 [1.14, 1.47] Very low 18 studies · 136301 participants |
| Adult workers | Hairdressers, job held ≥10 years | Reference category per source meta-analysis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.70 [1.01, 2.88] Very low 6 studies · 15768 participants |
| Male firefighters | Male career firefighters | Non-firefighters | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.16 [1.08, 1.26] Very low 10 studies |
| Adult workers | Heavy diesel exhaust exposure | Non-heavy diesel exhaust exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.37 [1.05, 1.81] Very low 2 studies |
| Adult workers | Truck drivers (diesel exhaust exposure) | Non-truck drivers | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.17 [1.06, 1.29] Very low 11 studies |
| Adult workers | Bus drivers (diesel exhaust exposure) | Non-bus drivers | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.33 [1.22, 1.45] Very low 7 studies |
| Adult workers | Coal mine workers | Non-coal workers | Risk of bladder cancer Cohort studies | RR 0.79 [0.58, 1.10] Very low 4 studies |
| Adult workers | Coal mine workers | Non-coal workers | Risk of bladder cancer Case-control studies | OR 2.17 [1.32, 4.02] Very low 2 studies |
| Adult workers | Occupational lead exposure | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.41 [1.16, 1.71] Very low 5 studies |
| Military veterans | Military veterans exposed to Agent Orange | General population | Risk of bladder cancer | HR 1.17 [1.01, 1.36] Very low 4 studies · 2998392 participants |
| Military veterans | Military veterans exposed to depleted uranium | General population | Risk of bladder cancer | HR 2.13 [1.31, 3.48] Low 4 studies · 5825 participants |
| Adult workers | Occupational exposure to welding fumes | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.26 [0.98, 1.60] Very low 5 studies · 10892 participants |
| Adult workers | Occupational benzene exposure | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.07 [0.97, 1.18] Very low 35 studies |
| Adult workers | Occupational asbestos exposure | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.04 [0.95, 1.13] Very low 28 studies · 504130 participants |
| Adult workers | Bitumen workers | Non-bitumen workers | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.09 [0.93, 1.27] Very low 21 studies · 598 participants |
| Adult workers | Roofers | Non-roofers | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.18 [0.86, 1.62] Very low 7 studies · 190 participants |
| Adult workers | Pavers | Non-pavers | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.97 [0.81, 1.16] Very low 11 studies · 341 participants |
| Adult workers | Any type of personal hair dye use | No hair dye use | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.93 [0.82, 1.05] Very low 17 studies · 19736 participants |
| Adult workers | Personal use of permanent hair dyes | No hair dye use | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.92 [0.77, 1.09] Very low 7 studies · 9619 participants |
| Adult workers | Acrylonitrile workers (occupational exposure) | No exposure | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.8 [0.3, 2.2] Very low 3 studies · 118 participants |
| Male firefighters | Male career firefighters, employed <10 years | Reference category per source meta-analysis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.34 [0.78, 2.28] Very low 4 studies |
| Male firefighters | Male career firefighters, employed 10-20 years | Reference category per source meta-analysis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.71 [0.63, 4.68] Very low 4 studies |
| Male firefighters | Male career firefighters, employed >20 years | Reference category per source meta-analysis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.88 [0.55, 1.44] Very low 4 studies |
| Adult workers | Hairdressers, job held ≥5 years | Reference category per source meta-analysis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.52 [0.79, 2.93] Very low 3 studies · 47604 participants |
| Adults | ABO blood group A | ABO blood group O | Risk of bladder cancer | HR 1.12 [1.01, 1.23] Very low 5 studies · 1946008 participants |
| Women | Ever parity (has given birth) | Nulliparity (never given birth) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.76 [0.70, 0.82] Low 13 studies · 2699564 participants |
| Women | Ever parity (has given birth) | Nulliparity (never given birth) | Risk of bladder cancer >=5 births vs nulliparous | RR 0.76 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Women | Ever parity (has given birth) | Nulliparity (never given birth) | Risk of bladder cancer Never smokers | RR 0.47 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Women | Ever parity (has given birth) | Nulliparity (never given birth) | Risk of bladder cancer 3-4 births vs nulliparous | RR 0.79 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Women | Ever parity (has given birth) | Nulliparity (never given birth) | Risk of bladder cancer 1-2 births vs nulliparous | RR 0.82 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Women | Ever parity (has given birth) | Nulliparity (never given birth) | Risk of bladder cancer Studies with fewer than 250 cases | RR 0.68 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Women | Ever parity (has given birth) | Nulliparity (never given birth) | Risk of bladder cancer Studies with more than 250 cases | RR 0.78 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Women | Early menopause | Non-menopause | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.22 [1.06, 1.40] Very low 7 studies |
| Adults | Higher tooth loss | Lower tooth loss | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.23 [1.12, 1.35] Low 2 studies · 64095 participants |
| Adults | ABO blood group AB | ABO blood group O | Risk of bladder cancer | HR 1.06 [0.95, 1.19] Very low 5 studies · 1946008 participants |
| Adults | ABO blood group B | ABO blood group O | Risk of bladder cancer | HR 1.09 [0.97, 1.23] Very low 5 studies · 1946008 participants |
| Women | Age at menarche | Reference category per source meta-analysis | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 0.96 [0.85, 1.08] Very low 12 studies · 1350207 participants |
| Adults | With overweight (BMI = >25 kg/m2) | Without overweight (BMI = >25 kg/m2) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.06 [0.98, 1.15] Very low 23 studies · 33697415 participants |
| Adults | With obesity (BMI = >30 kg/m2) | Without obesity (BMI = >30 kg/m2) | Risk of bladder cancer | RR 1.03 [0.96, 1.12] Very low 23 studies · 29563710 participants |
Included primary studies 84
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feng 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Li 2022 Is periodontal disease a risk indicator for urogenital cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PMID:36016605 | 2022 | 1 other review | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Ahmadinezhad 2022 The relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components with bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PMID:35638225 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer; PM40928380-P150-O1; Relative risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Alif 2022 Cancer and mortality in coal mine workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:34782367 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Allen 2023 Risks of second non-breast primaries following breast cancer in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:36765408 | 2023 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Arafa 2022 Chronic exposure to nitrate in drinking water and the risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. PMID:35063929 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Bai 2017 Parity and bladder cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. PMID:28061845 | 2017 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Baladia 2024 Broccoli Consumption and Risk of Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PMID:38892516 | 2024 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Bayne 2018 Role of urinary tract infection in bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:29520590 | 2018 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Bermej 2019 Milk and Dairy Product Consumption and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PMID:31089737 | 2019 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Boffetta 2001 A meta-analysis of bladder cancer and diesel exhaust exposure. PMID:11138807 | 2001 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Bommareddy 2022 Association of Spironolactone Use With Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PMID:35138351 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Boniol 2017 Meta-analysis of occupational exposures in the rubber manufacturing industry and risk of cancer. PMID:29025048 | 2017 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| BOSETTI 2013 Cancer risk for patients using thiazolidinediones for type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. PMID:23345544 | 2013 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Boyle 2014 Sweetened carbonated beverage consumption and cancer risk: meta-analysis and review. PMID:24625472 | 2014 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Collatuzzo 2024 Risk of bladder, kidney and prostate cancer from occupational exposure to welding fumes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:38231405 | 2024 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Collins 1998 Review and meta-analysis of studies of acrylonitrile workers. PMID:9714515 | 1998 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Connaughton 2022 Association of Hypertension and Organ-Specific Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. PMID:35742125 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of MIBC; Secondary bladder cancer in men | not extracted yet |
| Crippa 2018 Red and processed meat consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. PMID:28070638 | 2018 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Cui 2023 Epidemiological and genetic evidence for the relationship between ABO blood group and human cancer. PMID:37074298 | 2023 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Dai 2016 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and the Risk of Prostate Cancer and Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PMID:27149447 | 2016 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer in men; Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Dai 2019 Association between coffee consumption and risk of bladder cancer in a meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies. PMID:31528185 | 2019 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Dai 2024 The Association between Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Urologic Cancers: A Meta-analysis. PMID:37940476 | 2024 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| DeBono 2023 Firefighting and Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies in the Context of Cancer Hazard Identification. PMID:37389311 | 2023 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Dianatinasab 2022 Dietary patterns and risk of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:35016647 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Fan 2021 Can Aspirin Use Be Associated With the Risk or Prognosis of Bladder Cancer? A Case-Control Study and Meta-analytic Assessment. PMID:34350107 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Filho 2023 The carcinogenicity of opium consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:36773182 | 2023 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Franco 2023 Occupational asbestos exposure and urinary bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:36847813 | 2023 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Fu 1995 Cancer and occupational exposure to inorganic lead compounds: a meta-analysis of published data. PMID:7757170 | 1995 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Goyal 2021 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is associated with increased risk of lymphoma, melanoma, lung cancer, and bladder cancer. PMID:32822803 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Guha 2010 Bladder cancer risk in painters: a meta-analysis. PMID:20647380 | 2010 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Harling 2010 Bladder cancer among hairdressers: a meta-analysis. PMID:20447989 | 2010 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Hong 2018 The Effect of Daily Fluid Management and Beverages Consumption on the Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Observational Study. PMID:30580757 | 2018 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Keimling 2014 The association between physical activity and bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:24594995 | 2014 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Kronstedt 2024 Exposures and Bladder Cancer Risk Among Military Veterans: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PMID:39153606 | 2024 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Lao 2021 Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. PMID:34604033 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Li 2013 Egg consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. PMID:23659445 | 2013 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Li 2021 Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice and human cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of… PMID:33854607 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Li 2022 Age of menarche and primary bladder cancer risk: A meta-analysis and systematic review. PMID:35400567 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Li 2024 Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. PMID:38879581 | 2024 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Liang 2016 Pesticide exposure and risk of bladder cancer: A meta-analysis. PMID:27557494 | 2016 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Lin 2019 Vitamin E consumption and the risk of bladder cancer. PMID:30806606 | 2019 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Long 2022 Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PMID:35034169 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Ma 2021 The association between hepatitis C virus infection and renal cell cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer: a systematic review and… PMID:34035396 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Mofrad 2021 Potato Consumption and Risk of Site-Specific Cancers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational… PMID:33861304 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Mundt 2018 Cancer Risk Associated With Exposure to Bitumen and Bitumen Fumes: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:29111990 | 2018 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Nassour 2023 Relative Risk of Bladder and Kidney Cancer in Lynch Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:36672455 | 2023 | this review only | Relative risk of bladder cancer; Risk of MIBC | not extracted yet |
| Onishi 2013 Cancer incidence in systemic sclerosis: meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. PMID:23576072 | 2013 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Park 2017 Effects of Vitamin and Antioxidant Supplements in Prevention of Bladder Cancer: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PMID:28244289 | 2017 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Robertson 2022 Risk of extracolonic second primary cancers following a primary colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:35152308 | 2022 | this review only | Secondary bladder cancer; Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Seyyedsalehi 2021 Dietary N-nitroso compounds intake and bladder cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:34119660 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Seyyedsalehi 2024 Occupational benzene exposure and risk of kidney and bladder cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:39229942 | 2025 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Shang 2015 Incidence of Cancer in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PMID:25973882 | 2015 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Shi 2018 Tooth loss and cancer risk: a dose-response meta analysis of prospective cohort studies. PMID:29599929 | 2018 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Shi 2024 Exposure to disinfection by-products and risk of cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. PMID:38183752 | 2024 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Spiazzi 2024 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:38530620 | 2024 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Symvoulidis 2023 The Effect of Statins on the Incidence and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:37504348 | 2023 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Tang 2012 Insulin glargine and cancer risk in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. PMID:23284776 | 2012 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Tang 2018 Pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:29476615 | 2018 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Turati 2014 Personal hair dye use and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. PMID:24342029 | 2014 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Vaengebjerg 2020 Prevalence, Incidence, and Risk of Cancer in Patients With Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PMID:32074260 | 2020 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Villanueva 2003 Meta-analysis of studies on individual consumption of chlorinated drinking water and bladder cancer. PMID:12594192 | 2003 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Vlaanderen 2014 Tetrachloroethylene exposure and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of dry-cleaning-worker studies. PMID:24659585 | 2014 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2019 Dietary fat intake and risk of bladder cancer: Evidence from a meta-analysis of observational studies. PMID:31880534 | 2019 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2020 Depression and anxiety in relation to cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PMID:31745237 | 2020 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Weng 2017 Tea Consumption and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. PMID:28167914 | 2016 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Wu 2020 Carotenoid Intake and Circulating Carotenoids Are Inversely Associated with the Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis. PMID:31800007 | 2020 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Xiang 2021 Impact of Androgen Suppression Therapy on the Risk and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:34970495 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Xie 2020 Antihypertensive medications are associated with the risk of kidney and bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:31968309 | 2020 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Xu 2020 Reproductive and hormonal factors and bladder cancer risk: a prospective study and meta-analysis. PMID:32629427 | 2020 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Yan 2014 Risk of bladder cancer in renal transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. PMID:24496458 | 2014 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Yan 2018 Secondhand smoking increases bladder cancer risk in nonsmoking population: a meta-analysis. PMID:30288109 | 2018 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Yao 2014 Intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of bladder cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. PMID:25248495 | 2014 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Yu 2018 The risk of bladder cancer in patients with urinary calculi: a meta-analysis. PMID:29305631 | 2018 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Yu 2023 Meat Intake and the Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PMID:36537666 | 2023 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Yu 2024 Association of ankylosing spondylitis with the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. PMID:38830028 | 2025 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Zhang 2013 Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. PMID:23894577 | 2013 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Zhang 2020 Combined lifestyle factors, incident cancer, and cancer mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PMID:32037402 | 2020 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Zhang 2021 Metformin and risk of cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:32605879 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Zhang 2021 Does inflammatory bowel disease increase the risk of lower urinary tract tumors: a meta-analysis. PMID:33532306 | 2021 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Zhang 2022 Association Between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Cancer Morbidity and Mortality: Findings From Cohort Studies. PMID:35600353 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer; Secondary bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2019 High prevalence of secondary bladder cancer in men on radiotherapy for prostate cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis. PMID:30666156 | 2019 | this review only | Secondary bladder cancer in men; Risk of bladder cancer in men | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2022 Cigarette smoking and risk of bladder cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. PMID:35332429 | 2022 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
| Zheng 2024 Unveiling the Effects of Cruciferous Vegetable Intake on Different Cancers: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis. PMID:39348271 | 2025 | this review only | Risk of bladder cancer | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical stem cell therapy in oral and craniofacial bone regeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2026) | 1 | 0.00 |
| Risk of cancer in periodontal disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. (2026) | 1 | 0.01 |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Adults of any race, gender, geographic region or setting | Adults (general population, workers, patients with the listed conditions, military veterans); some analyses restricted to men (BPH, radiotherapy for prostate cancer) or women (parity, menopause, menarche, breast cancer) |
| Intervention | Risk factors for bladder cancer: lifestyle, diet, environmental exposures, occupational hazards, physiological conditions, diseases, medication and substance use | 156 risk factors from 84 meta-analyses in six domains: dietary, disease-related, medication, environmental and lifestyle, occupational, physiological |
| Comparison | Presence vs absence of the exposure, or higher vs lower exposure level | Exposure vs non-exposure; high vs low intake; dose-response increments (e.g. processed meat 50 g/day, red meat 100 g/day, PM2.5 5 ug/m3, NO2 10 ug/m3) |
| Outcomes | Bladder cancer incidence or risk | Risk of bladder cancer (also muscle-invasive bladder cancer and secondary bladder cancer); 79 potential associations; GRADE: 60 very low, 16 low, 3 moderate |
| Study designs | Systematic reviews with meta-analysis of observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) and randomized controlled trials; English language | 84 meta-analyses (2429 records retrieved); cohort, case-control and RCT-based meta-analyses; no GRADE high-certainty outcomes |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |