Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM42500648
Risk of cancer in periodontal disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses.
Yuan Jing, Wang Shixuan, Xia Siqi, et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1839715
Findings
256 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Xuan, 2021 | RR 1.10 [0.95, 1.27] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 257357 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Wei, 2021 | RR 1.10 [0.94, 1.29] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 27777 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of kidney cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.16 [0.93, 1.44] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 1027615 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Bai, 2023 | OR 2.20 [1.19, 4.06] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 3257 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.10 [1.03, 1.17] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 374483 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2016 | HR 1.32 [1.18, 1.48] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 167854 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Case-control; source meta-analysis Chen, 2020 | RR 1.67 [0.90, 2.83] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 2215 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.07 [1.02, 1.12] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 332245 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2016 | HR 1.32 [1.18, 1.48] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 137188 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Shao, 2018 | RR 1.11 [1.03, 1.21] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 78156 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Adjustment: Smoking; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2023 | HR 1.36 [1.12, 1.64] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 8806 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Maisonneuv, 2017 | RR 2.07 [1.29, 3.33] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 35257 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | RR 1.15 [0.98, 1.34] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 979240 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of liver cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.12 [1.04, 1.22] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 979240 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.13 [0.80, 1.60] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 114244 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.19 [0.94, 1.52] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 5133657 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Ridho, 2025 | HR 1.20 [1.12, 1.28] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 621982 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2023 | HR 1.33 [1.16, 1.52] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 160024 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Periodontal assessment method: ABL; source meta-analysis Yao, 2014 | OR 4.19 [2.86, 6.14] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 1030 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Wei, 2021 | RR 1.26 [1.02, 1.56] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 26894 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Ma, 2024 | OR 2.30 [1.49, 3.55] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 753 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.17 [0.81, 1.69] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 269516 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | RR 1.30 [1.13, 1.49] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 113194 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Li, 2022 | HR 1.19 [0.95, 1.49] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 101135 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Guo, 2021 | HR 1.51 [1.09, 2.09] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 386851 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 2.67 [1.67, 4.27] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 2172 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Li, 2022 | HR 1.25 [1.17, 1.33] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 139951 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of melanoma Primary association; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.06 [0.86, 1.30] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 49712 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Li, 2023 | OR 2.51 [1.76, 3.58] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 2338 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Wu, 2020 | HR 1.06 [0.93, 1.22] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 214004 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Mahuili, 2023 | OR 3.36 [2.71, 4.15] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 3815 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Xie, 2018 | HR 1.15 [0.98, 1.35] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 144910 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers Adjustment: Smoking; source meta-analysis Wu, 2020 | HR 0.93 [0.76, 1.15] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 84390 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.26 [1.09, 1.47] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 159429 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.50 [0.65, 3.46] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 242408 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Aguiar, 2024 | RR 1.18 [0.84, 1.66] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 129577 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.08 [0.92, 1.27] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 1153746 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Ma, 2024 | OR 3.21 [2.11, 4.87] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 2867 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.19] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 938856 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Study design: Cohort; source meta-analysis Aguiar, 2024 | RR 1.12 [0.95, 1.31] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 365583 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Xu, 2025 | OR 1.37 [0.93, 2.04] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 121756 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: Latin-America; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 4.68 [0.75, 29.33] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 4018 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Shi, 2018 | RR 1.20 [1.10, 1.31] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 166283 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Gopinath, 2020 | OR 3.17 [1.78, 5.64] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 82844 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Yao, 2014 | OR 2.66 [1.12, 6.36] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 3083 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.21 [1.09, 1.35] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 1092434 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Adjustment: Never smokers; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2023 | HR 1.00 [0.76, 1.31] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 120865 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Li, 2021 | HR 1.39 [1.13, 1.71] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 92382 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Region: American; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.42 [1.15, 1.74] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 245639 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Wei, 2021 | RR 1.18 [1.04, 1.34] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 230986 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Yao, 2014 | OR 2.96 [1.08, 8.05] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 2631 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Verma, 2023 | RR 1.60 [1.23, 2.08] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 29370 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Region: Asian; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.10 [1.05, 1.17] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 938856 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Yao, 2014 | OR 3.53 [1.52, 8.23] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 3183 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers Study design: Cohort; source meta-analysis Wu, 2020 | HR 1.07 [0.93, 1.23] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 210817 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Li, 2022 | HR 1.25 [1.17, 1.33] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 201520 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2023 | HR 1.30 [0.87, 1.93] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 768942 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 0.97 [0.86, 1.11] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 961746 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Chen, 2020 | RR 1.60 [0.74, 3.45] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 68473 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2016 | HR 1.25 [1.11, 1.41] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 321420 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Li, 2023 | OR 4.06 [1.80, 9.15] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 1609 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Guo, 2021 | HR 1.22 [1.03, 1.45] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 38727 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.40 [0.81, 2.40] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 863344 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of kidney cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.30 [0.96, 1.76] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 114244 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Cohort; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2023 | HR 1.32 [1.10, 1.58] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 928966 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Maisonneuv, 2017 | RR 2.07 [1.29, 3.33] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 35257 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Wei, 2021 | RR 1.50 [1.08, 2.07] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 35636 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical and radiographic parameters; source meta-analysis Guo, 2021 | HR 1.61 [0.99, 2.61] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 194383 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Li, 2021 | HR 1.44 [1.18, 1.76] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 337894 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 2.29 [1.11, 4.76] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 63741 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.05 [0.84, 1.30] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 1019445 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers Primary association; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.33 [0.82, 2.13] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 295274 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Case-control; source meta-analysis Wang, 2020 | HR 1.67 [0.99, 2.83] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 2215 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Li, 2022 | HR 1.26 [1.02, 1.56] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 35266 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Xuan, 2021 | RR 1.00 [0.91, 1.10] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 220423 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Study design: Retrospective cohort; source meta-analysis Shao, 2018 | RR 1.41 [0.83, 2.41] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 42699 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Wang, 2020 | HR 1.44 [1.28, 1.61] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 167256 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Chen, 2020 | RR 1.45 [1.30, 1.63] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 135053 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Ma, 2024 | OR 2.69 [1.52, 4.77] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 4300 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Shao, 2018 | RR 1.22 [1.06, 1.40] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 173162 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Mahuili, 2023 | OR 1.83 [1.14, 2.95] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 4553 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Wang, 2020 | HR 1.74 [0.95, 3.17] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 30866 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | RR 1.21 [1.09, 1.35] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 1092434 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.26 [0.96, 1.66] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 219013 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Study design: Retrospective cohort; source meta-analysis Guo, 2021 | HR 1.51 [1.09, 2.09] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 386851 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Guo, 2021 | HR 1.25 [1.07, 1.46] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 42732 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Aguiar, 2024 | RR 1.17 [1.03, 1.33] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 382951 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Study design: Retrospective cohort; source meta-analysis Wei, 2021 | RR 1.18 [1.05, 1.33] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 259661 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.02 [0.97, 1.08] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 192639 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.17 [0.92, 1.48] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 1109890 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical diagnosis; source meta-analysis Guo, 2021 | HR 1.52 [0.83, 2.79] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 203796 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.20 [0.97, 1.50] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 913371 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.24 [1.05, 1.47] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 1283990 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: Asian; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.30 [0.80, 2.13] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 986029 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Wu, 2025 | OR 1.23 [0.93, 1.64] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 71165 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Study design: Case-control; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 2.45 [1.52, 3.94] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 57688 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Shao, 2018 | RR 1.27 [1.08, 1.50] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 44678 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.07 [0.94, 1.23] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 1069853 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of liver cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Wang, 2024 | HR 1.09 [1.04, 1.13] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 3918799 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Study design: Cohort; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 2.23 [0.58, 8.61] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 62304 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.26 [1.02, 1.55] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 39567 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.15 [1.03, 1.28] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 236309 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.30 [1.13, 1.49] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 113194 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Xie, 2018 | HR 1.15 [0.97, 1.36] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 114244 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Bai, 2023 | OR 4.31 [1.56, 11.90] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 951 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Adjustment: Adjustment for covariates; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 2.46 [1.62, 3.74] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 71622 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.15 [0.98, 1.34] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 979240 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2016 | HR 1.32 [1.18, 1.48] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 167854 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Shi, 2018 | RR 1.14 [1.05, 1.24] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 70757 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Ma, 2024 | OR 2.94 [2.13, 4.07] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 7518 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Case-control; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2023 | OR 1.68 [1.11, 2.56] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 2215 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Li, 2026 | HR 1.21 [1.09, 1.34] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 882540 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.24 [0.98, 1.58] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 262388 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.17 [1.00, 1.37] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 6243547 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Ma, 2024 | OR 3.38 [2.02, 5.65] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 2465 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Gopinath, 2020 | OR 3.19 [2.09, 4.85] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 2464 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Li, 2021 | HR 1.28 [0.82, 1.99] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.30 [0.95, 1.77] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 1132860 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Wang, 2024 | HR 1.13 [1.01, 1.26] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 4986976 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.23 [0.99, 1.53] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 478098 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Wang, 2024 | HR 1.35 [1.00, 1.82] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 10296531 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Verma, 2023 | RR 1.52 [1.26, 1.85] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 108056 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Li, 2022 | HR 1.24 [1.17, 1.31] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 193025 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Xuan, 2021 | RR 1.40 [1.21, 1.61] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 375055 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Guo, 2021 | HR 1.27 [1.09, 1.48] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 54060 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Study design: Cohort; source meta-analysis Xuan, 2021 | RR 1.18 [0.98, 1.43] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 565436 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.20 [1.09, 1.32] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 108107 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.05 [0.88, 1.26] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 955609 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: American; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.31 [1.11, 1.53] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 127197 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Xuan, 2021 | RR 1.04 [0.90, 1.61] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 226953 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Shao, 2018 | RR 1.42 [1.01, 1.99] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 55285 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers Region: America; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.31 [1.12, 1.53] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 52866 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Aguiar, 2024 | RR 1.12 [0.96, 1.31] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 285303 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Li, 2021 | HR 1.27 [0.98, 1.65] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 109587 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Wei, 2021 | RR 1.15 [1.02, 1.29] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 267505 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.17 [1.07, 1.29] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 275876 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.17 [0.92, 1.48] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 1045343 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.73 [0.99, 3.03] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 93767 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2023 | HR 1.39 [1.17, 1.64] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 931181 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Wei, 2021 | RR 1.14 [0.98, 1.33] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 198273 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Wei, 2021 | RR 1.17 [1.06, 1.29] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 294399 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Medical record; source meta-analysis Li, 2021 | HR 1.54 [1.27, 1.86] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 302628 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers Region: America; source meta-analysis Wu, 2020 | HR 1.01 [0.84, 1.22] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 130537 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Guo, 2021 | HR 1.40 [1.16, 1.70] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 440911 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical diagnosis (ICD-9,523); source meta-analysis Xuan, 2021 | RR 1.48 [1.19, 1.84] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 329680 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Wang, 2024 | HR 1.21 [1.05, 1.39] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 5042335 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Maisonneuv, 2017 | RR 1.72 [1.29, 2.29] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 72308 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Adjustment: Smoking; source meta-analysis Shi, 2018 | RR 1.64 [0.91, 2.97] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 67615 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Wu, 2025 | OR 1.39 [0.99, 1.95] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 132928 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Shi, 2018 | RR 1.47 [0.82, 2.62] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 80431 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Wei, 2021 | RR 1.18 [0.98, 1.42] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 34738 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Wang, 2024 | HR 1.39 [1.15, 1.68] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 6181524 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Bai, 2023 | OR 1.93 [1.11, 3.34] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 1480 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Periodontal assessment method: ABL; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 2.11 [0.74, 5.98] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 48902 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of kidney cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.06 [0.79, 1.44] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 913371 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.45 [1.10, 1.91] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 378708 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Case-control; source meta-analysis Verma, 2023 | RR 1.31 [1.19, 1.43] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 85802 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Bai, 2023 | OR 1.31 [1.10, 1.56] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 2306 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Wu, 2025 | OR 1.42 [1.04, 1.94] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 157934 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Study design: Case-control; source meta-analysis Aguiar, 2024 | RR 1.34 [0.94, 1.92] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 17368 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Ye, 2016 | OR 2.16 [1.29, 3.61] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 3851 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Li, 2022 | HR 1.20 [0.78, 1.84] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 44008 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Xie, 2018 | HR 1.17 [0.96, 1.41] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 79041 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers Long follow-up · Follow-up duration: Long follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 0.98 [0.87, 1.10] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 201507 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Chen, 2020 | RR 1.37 [1.16, 1.63] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 224058 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Li, 2023 | OR 3.28 [1.87, 5.74] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 2889 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Shi, 2018 | RR 1.50 [0.73, 3.06] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 15095 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Shao, 2018 | RR 1.92 [0.78, 4.72] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 50127 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Cohort; source meta-analysis Wang, 2020 | HR 1.43 [1.25, 1.64] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 165041 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Cohort; source meta-analysis Chen, 2020 | RR 1.30 [1.00, 1.69] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 173468 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 2.83 [1.83, 4.38] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 71722 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.38 [0.90, 2.10] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 805892 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Guo, 2021 | HR 1.20 [1.07, 1.34] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 222061 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Aguiar, 2024 | RR 1.17 [1.00, 1.36] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 253374 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Aguiar, 2024 | RR 1.28 [0.94, 1.74] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 97648 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Cohort; source meta-analysis Verma, 2023 | RR 1.64 [1.26, 2.14] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 22254 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.33 [0.88, 2.00] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 224773 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.25 [1.03, 1.50] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 1398153 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Mahuili, 2023 | OR 2.50 [1.80, 3.46] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 11998 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Verma, 2023 | RR 1.31 [1.20, 1.44] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 78686 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of bladder cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Xie, 2018 | HR 1.09 [0.95, 1.26] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 298476 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Li, 2022 | HR 1.23 [1.06, 1.43] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 27777 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Shao, 2018 | RR 1.17 [0.97, 1.41] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 130262 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Primary association; author's own meta-analysis | OR 2.42 [1.85, 3.17] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 156693 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Ye, 2016 | OR 2.17 [1.45, 3.25] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 5317 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Short follow-up · Follow-up duration: Short follow-up; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.16 [1.10, 1.23] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 181844 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Duan, 2026 | RR 1.17 [1.01, 1.36] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 68308 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Wang, 2020 | HR 1.43 [1.26, 1.62] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 136390 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Xuan, 2021 | RR 1.21 [1.06, 1.38] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 610811 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Manzaba, 2026 | HR 3.18 [1.94, 5.21] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 2098 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Li, 2022 | HR 1.24 [1.17, 1.32] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 238039 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Maisonneuv, 2017 | RR 1.74 [1.41, 2.15] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 322455 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Wu, 2025 | OR 1.48 [0.76, 2.91] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 62421 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2023 | HR 1.45 [1.07, 1.96] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 200432 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Li, 2022 | HR 1.24 [1.17, 1.31] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 273305 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Study design: Case-control; source meta-analysis Xuan, 2021 | RR 1.31 [1.17, 1.47] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 45375 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis, as defined in each meta-analysis) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of oral cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Mahuili, 2023 | OR 2.66 [1.75, 4.03] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 827 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.11 [1.01, 1.22] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 119484 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Espejo-Carrera, 2025 | RR 1.80 [0.96, 3.36] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 720594 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.35 [1.09, 1.68] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 87571 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2020 | HR 1.12 [0.88, 1.42] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 197249 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | RR 1.31 [1.14, 1.51] GRADE not reported 14 studies · 997679 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.22 [1.01, 1.48] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 519077 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Cohort; source meta-analysis Kesharaini, 2022 | RR 2.07 [1.67, 2.56] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 257483 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Espejo-Carrera, 2025 | RR 1.34 [0.96, 1.89] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 937930 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Ma, 2020 | HR 2.06 [0.93, 4.57] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 114244 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | RR 1.30 [1.20, 1.41] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 220211 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.12 [1.05, 1.20] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 154939 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | RR 1.40 [1.16, 1.68] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 200548 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2020 | HR 1.12 [0.96, 1.30] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 992480 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Espejo-Carrera, 2025 | RR 1.15 [0.96, 1.37] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 204796 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Ma, 2020 | HR 2.28 [1.16, 4.48] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 126849 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Study design: Retrospective cohort; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.09 [0.87, 1.37] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 133491 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Case-control; source meta-analysis Kesharaini, 2022 | RR 1.27 [1.17, 1.38] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 153027 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.10 [0.97, 1.25] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 279035 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Kesharani, 2022 | RR 1.16 [0.84, 1.60] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 13654 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Primary association; author's own meta-analysis | HR 1.44 [1.21, 1.72] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 1030433 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2020 | HR 1.25 [0.84, 1.85] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 197249 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Study design: Prospective cohort; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.22 [1.07, 1.40] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 219361 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.26 [1.11, 1.43] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 242510 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Study design: Retrospective cohort; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.52 [1.17, 1.98] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 23149 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | RR 1.38 [1.21, 1.57] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 243469 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.40 [1.08, 1.82] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 79904 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Espejo-Carrera, 2025 | RR 1.13 [0.97, 1.33] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 211226 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Ma, 2020 | HR 1.79 [1.15, 2.79] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 845258 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.20 [0.91, 1.60] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 338587 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Retrospective; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | RR 1.35 [1.02, 1.78] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 107945 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Ma, 2020 | HR 1.20 [1.09, 1.32] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 229256 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2020 | HR 1.31 [0.93, 1.84] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 114244 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of esophageal cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Ma, 2020 | HR 2.28 [1.16, 4.48] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 126849 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of prostate cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.26 [1.03, 1.54] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 97420 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Kesharani, 2022 | RR 1.72 [1.41, 2.10] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 410510 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.16 [0.94, 1.43] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 358200 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Kesharani, 2022 | RR 1.32 [1.11, 1.57] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 165177 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | RR 1.11 [0.77, 1.59] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 754010 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.18 [1.03, 1.35] GRADE not reported 13 studies · 652568 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Study design: Prospective; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | RR 1.31 [1.11, 1.55] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 889734 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of gastric cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Zhang, 2020 | HR 1.31 [0.93, 1.84] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 114244 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of pancreatic cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Cueva, 2026 | HR 1.56 [1.29, 1.89] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 881559 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Periodontal assessment method: Clinical examination; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | RR 1.45 [1.04, 2.01] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 777468 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of breast cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.12 [1.05, 1.19] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 147072 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Study design: Prospective; source meta-analysis Espejo-Carrera, 2025 | RR 1.16 [0.99, 1.35] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 224729 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Adjustment: Smoking and alcohol; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.21 [1.08, 1.35] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 294318 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of lung cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Kesharani, 2022 | RR 2.04 [1.62, 2.56] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 231679 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Espejo-Carrera, 2025 | RR 1.13 [0.94, 1.35] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 203459 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Periodontitis | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of colorectal cancer Periodontal assessment method: Self-report; source meta-analysis Wang, 2022 | HR 1.15 [1.02, 1.30] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 313981 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Alveolar bone loss (ABL) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Recalculated association, not selected as primary; source meta-analysis Vu, 2021 | OR 3.87 [2.70, 5.53] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 1378 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Alveolar bone loss (ABL) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Vu, 2021 | OR 4.51 [3.37, 6.03] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 578 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Alveolar bone loss (ABL) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Gopinath, 2020 | OR 4.51 [3.37, 6.03] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 578 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Alveolar bone loss (ABL) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: Asia; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 2.81 [0.68, 11.66] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 2095 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Alveolar bone loss (ABL) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 1.71 [0.83, 3.52] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 3259 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Alveolar bone loss (ABL) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Periodontal assessment method: ABL; source meta-analysis Vu, 2021 | OR 3.71 [2.60, 5.28] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 1303 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Alveolar bone loss (ABL) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: America; source meta-analysis Zeng, 2013 | OR 1.26 [0.99, 1.59] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 51160 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Alveolar bone loss (ABL) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Primary association; source meta-analysis Gopinath, 2020 | OR 3.54 [2.47, 5.07] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 1755 participants |
| People with and without periodontal disease (observational studies, general population) | Alveolar bone loss (ABL) | No periodontal disease (absence of exposure) | Risk of head and neck cancer Region: Europe; source meta-analysis Gopinath, 2020 | OR 2.30 [1.49, 3.55] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 753 participants |
| Individuals in observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) | Periodontitis (exposure) | No periodontal disease / unexposed | Risk of head and neck cancer Primary association (random-effects re-analysis) Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | RR 2.14 [1.53, 2.98] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
Included primary studies 50
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arora 2010 An exploration of shared genetic risk factors between periodontal disease and cancers: a prospective co-twin study. PMID:19969528 | 2010 | 1 other review | PM42500648-P18-O1 | not extracted yet |
| Divaris 2010 Oral health and risk for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study. PMID:20049634 | 2010 | 1 other review | Risk of head and neck cancer | not extracted yet |
| Li, 2022 Is periodontal disease a risk indicator for urogenital cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PMID:36016605 | 2022 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mahuili, 2023 A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Assessing the Role of Oral Health as a Risk Factor in Oral Cancer. PMID:37398714 | 2023 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nwizu 2017 Periodontal Disease and Incident Cancer Risk among Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Cohort. PMID:28765338 | 2017 | 1 other review | PM42500648-P18-O1 | not extracted yet |
| Sharma 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | Risk of head and neck cancer | not extracted yet |
| Aguiar, 2024 Gastric adenocarcinoma and periodontal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:38301538 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bai, 2023 The association between oral hygiene and head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. PMID:36538375 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bornigen 2017 Alterations in oral bacterial communities are associated with risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. PMID:29247187 | 2017 | this review only | Risk of head and neck cancer | not extracted yet |
| Chauca-Bajana, 2026 Periodontitis and Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Exploratory Evidence on Tumor-Associated… PMID:41744919 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen, 2020 Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss Are Associated with Lung Cancer Risk. PMID:32802852 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chou 2018 Severity of chronic periodontitis and risk of gastrointestinal cancers: A population-based follow-up study from Taiwan. PMID:29979428 | 2018 | this review only | PM42500648-P18-O1 | not extracted yet |
| Cueva, 2026 Periodontitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis. PMID:42074956 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Duan, 2026 Periodontal Disease and Incidence of Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. PMID:41889038 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eliot 2013 Periodontal disease and mouthwash use are risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PMID:23568534 | 2013 | this review only | Risk of head and neck cancer | not extracted yet |
| Espejo-Carrera, 2025 Periodontitis as a risk factor for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:40192116 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gopinath, 2020 Periodontal Diseases as Putative Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:32674369 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Guha 2007 Oral health and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and esophagus: results of two multicentric case-control studies. PMID:17761691 | 2007 | this review only | Risk of head and neck cancer | not extracted yet |
| Guo, 2021 Periodontal disease and the risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. PMID:33650836 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kesharani, 2022 Is Periodontitis a Risk Factor for Lung Cancer? A Meta-Analysis and Detailed Review of Mechanisms of Association. PMID:36686995 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Li, 2021 Is periodontal disease a risk indicator for colorectal cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:33179280 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Li, 2023 Association between periodontal disease and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:37308334 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Li, 2026 Association between periodontal disease and prostatic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PMID:41800498 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ma, 2020 Potential risk of certain cancers among patients with Periodontitis: a supplementary meta-analysis of a large-scale population. PMID:33029095 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ma, 2024 Periodontitis and the risk of oral cancer: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. PMID:38742908 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Maisonneuve, 2017 Periodontal disease, edentulism, and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis. PMID:28453689 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Manzaba, 2026 Periodontal Disease and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk and Survival Outcomes. PMID:42074964 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Michaud 2008 Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancer risk in male health professionals: a prospective cohort study. PMID:18462995 | 2008 | this review only | Risk of head and neck cancer | not extracted yet |
| Ridho, 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saira 2019 Epidemiological and clinical correlates of oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients from north-west Pakistan. PMID:31431755 | 2019 | this review only | Risk of head and neck cancer | not extracted yet |
| Shao, 2018 Periodontal Disease and Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 1,73,162 Participants. PMID:30619743 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shi, 2018 Periodontal disease and susceptibility to breast cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies. PMID:29974484 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tezal 2005 Is periodontitis associated with oral neoplasms? PMID:15857075 | 2005 | this review only | Risk of head and neck cancer | not extracted yet |
| Verma, 2023 Correlation Between Chronic Periodontitis and Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. PMID:37090288 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vu, 2021 Smoking and Drinking Adjusted Association between Head and Neck Cancers and Oral Health Status Related to Periodontitis: a Meta-Analysis. PMID:33876587 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wang, 2020 Relationship between periodontal disease and lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:32583879 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wang, 2022 Assessment of the association between periodontal disease and total cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis. PMID:36389427 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wang, 2024 Association between Periodontal Diseases and the Risk of Site-Specific Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:39185624 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wei, 2021 Association between periodontal disease and prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:33247563 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Winn 1991 Mouthwash use and oral conditions in the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. PMID:2032242 | 1991 | this review only | Risk of head and neck cancer | not extracted yet |
| Wu, 2020 Hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers in patients with periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:31880294 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wu, 2025 Association Between Intestinal Diseases and Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:39928298 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Xie, 2018 Periodontal Disease and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 298476 Participants. PMID:30083109 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Xuan, 2021 Is periodontal disease associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer? A meta-analysis. PMID:33269543 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yao, 2014 Association of periodontal disease with oral cancer: a meta-analysis. PMID:24756759 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ye, 2016 Correlation between periodontal disease and oral cancer risk: A meta-analysis. PMID:28230025 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zeng, 2013 Periodontal disease and risk of head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. PMID:24194957 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zeng, 2016 Periodontal Disease and Incident Lung Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. PMID:27294431 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhang, 2020 Is periodontitis a risk indicator for gastrointestinal cancers? A meta-analysis of cohort studies. PMID:31697412 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhang, 2023 ASSOCIATION OF ORAL MICROBIOTA AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE WITH LUNG CANCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. PMID:37689446 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Participants of observational studies in meta-analyses of periodontal disease and site-specific cancer risk (no population restriction) | General population samples in observational studies; 14 cancer types (head and neck, oral, lung, breast, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, liver, colorectal, bladder, kidney, prostate, melanoma, hematopoietic and lymphatic) |
| Intervention | Periodontal diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis) or clinical/radiographic indicators such as alveolar bone loss, as defined in the original meta-analyses; tooth loss not a surrogate | Periodontal diseases (29 articles), periodontitis (7), alveolar bone loss (1); 23 primary associations (14 periodontal diseases, 8 periodontitis, 1 alveolar bone loss) |
| Comparison | No periodontal disease | No periodontal disease (+ vs -) |
| Outcomes | Risk (incidence) of site-specific cancers; HR, OR or RR with 95% CI | Site-specific cancer risk: 65 recalculated associations from 38 meta-analyses; 23 primary associations |
| Study designs | Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational epidemiological studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) | 38 meta-analyses of observational studies (cross-sectional studies included and in the majority); evidence classified I to V; corrected covered area overlap assessment; author's own meta-analyses for head and neck cancer (n=18 studies) and periodontitis with pancreatic cancer (n=11 studies) |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |