evidencegaps
Primary study · included by 1 review

Cigarette smoking and risk of bladder cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis.

Zhao 2022 · Zhao Xiaohu, Wang Yuanli, Liang Chaozhao · International urology and nephrology · 2022

Included by

Bladder cancer risk factors: a comprehensive umbrella review of meta-analyses.
Non-Cochrane · aetiology · 2026 · cited as Zhao 2022 · Table 1 (Included MA); References
Outcome this study informsPooled effectEvidenceCertainty
Risk of bladder cancer
Higher smoking intensity vs Lower smoking intensity
RR 1.83 [1.75, 1.91]31 studies · 3569804 participantsVery low
Risk of bladder cancer
High physical activity vs Low physical activity
RR 0.85 [0.74, 0.98]15 studies · 5402369 participantsVery low

1 including review in total.