Cochrane Review Group

Schizophrenia

168 systematic reviews in Schizophrenia ask 2,589 questions. 23.2% have no studies to answer them, 27.8% rest on very low certainty evidence and 12.2% reach moderate or high certainty.

Reviews

168

Questions

2,589

current versions

No studies

23.2%

Moderate or high

12.2%

No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Search questions in Schizophrenia

Thinnest evidence

All no studies and very low questions

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Quality of life: average change in mental health component (proxy for binary quality of life) · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 227 participants	Very low
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Quality of life: average change in physical health component (proxy for physical health) · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 237 participants	Very low
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Personal recovery ‐ not reported · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Experience of care/satisfaction ‐ not reported · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Adverse effects (escape) · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane	RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.11]	1 study · 200 participants	Very low
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Adverse effects (fall down) · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.04, 3.15]	1 study · 200 participants	Very low
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Adverse effects (choking) · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane	RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.11]	1 study · 200 participants	Very low
Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs control Adverse events ‐ participants with at least one adverse event ‐ < 12 months · first‐episode or recent‐onset psychosis Cognitive behavioural therapy added to standard care for first‐episode and recent‐onset psychosis (2024) · Cochrane	RR 1.29 [0.85, 1.97]	1 study · 43 participants	Very low
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics Adverse events ‐ Participants with at least one AE (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane	RR 0.47 [0.21, 1.07]	1 study · 40 participants	Very low
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics Mental state ‐ general: mean endpoint overall symptoms scales (PANSS/BPRS) (high = poor) (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 125 participants	Very low
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics Global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of psychosis (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane	RR 2.89 [0.12, 67.75]	1 study · 90 participants	Very low
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.12, 4.11]	2 studies · 90 participants	Very low

Reviews 168

Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

Sinclair, DJM, Zhao, S, et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2019

Schizophrenia

Thinnest evidence

Reviews 168

Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia

Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis

Gamma‐aminobutyric acid agonists for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

Vitamin E for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia

Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia

Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia

Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)

Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for people with schizophrenia

Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)

Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors for schizophrenia

Risperidone versus other antipsychotics for people with severe mental illness and co‐occurring substance misuse

Chlorpromazine versus piperacetazine for schizophrenia

Increasing antipsychotic dose for non response in schizophrenia

Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia

Mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia

Occupational therapy delivered by specialists versus non‐specialists for people with schizophrenia

Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation