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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Quality of life: average change in mental health component (proxy for binary quality of life) · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 227 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Mental state: clinically important change (binary) · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.77, 1.28] | 1 study · 253 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Psychiatric hospital admissions · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane | RR 5.15 [0.67, 39.57] | 1 study · 253 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Quality of life: average change in physical health component (proxy for physical health) · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 237 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Disability (proxy for social functioning) · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.97, 1.95] | 1 study · 253 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Personal recovery ‐ not reported · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collaborative care vs usual care Experience of care/satisfaction ‐ not reported · severe mental illness Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Scientific behaviour: aggression – clinically important change in aggressive/violent behaviour, as defined by the individual studies · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.41, 0.85] | 1 study · 1852 participants | Moderate |
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Use of coercive measure: use of seclusion room (time, days) · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.27, 3.07] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Use of coercive measure: use of seclusion room (participants) · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.83 [0.39, 8.7] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Use of coercive measure: use of seclusion room (incidents) · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.49, 5.47] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Adverse effects (escape) · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.11] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Adverse effects (fall down) · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.04, 3.15] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Structured risk assessment vs standard professional care Adverse effects (choking) · aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.11] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs control Mental state ‐ general: mean endpoint overall symptom scales (high = poor) (combined time points) · first‐episode or recent‐onset psychosis Cognitive behavioural therapy added to standard care for first‐episode and recent‐onset psychosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 1508 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs control Global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of psychosis (combined time points) · first‐episode or recent‐onset psychosis Cognitive behavioural therapy added to standard care for first‐episode and recent‐onset psychosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.57, 1.18] | 7 studies · 693 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs control Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability (combined time points) · first‐episode or recent‐onset psychosis Cognitive behavioural therapy added to standard care for first‐episode and recent‐onset psychosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.72, 1.05] | 25 studies · 2242 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs control Functioning ‐ mean endpoint functioning scale (high = good) (combined time points) · first‐episode or recent‐onset psychosis Cognitive behavioural therapy added to standard care for first‐episode and recent‐onset psychosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1241 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs control Adverse events ‐ participants with at least one adverse event ‐ < 12 months · first‐episode or recent‐onset psychosis Cognitive behavioural therapy added to standard care for first‐episode and recent‐onset psychosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.85, 1.97] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs no specific treatment Mental state ‐ general: mean endpoint PANSS total (high = poor) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics Adverse events ‐ Participants with at least one AE (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.21, 1.07] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics Mental state ‐ general: mean endpoint overall symptoms scales (PANSS/BPRS) (high = poor) (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 125 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics Global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of psychosis (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.89 [0.12, 67.75] | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.12, 4.11] | 2 studies · 90 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics Functioning ‐ mean endpoint functioning scales (high = good) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 110 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics Adverse events ‐ Participants with at least one AE (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.17, 0.8] | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs no specific treatment Global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of psychosis (separated time points) ‐ > 1 year · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.28] | 1 study · 74 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs no specific treatment Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.23, 2.75] | 1 study · 74 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs no specific treatment Functioning ‐ mean endpoint PSP (high = good) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs no specific treatment Adverse events ‐ Participants with at least one AE ‐ > 1 year · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics Mental state ‐ general: mean endpoint PANSS total (high = poor) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 63 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics Global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of psychosis (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.78 [0.12, 65.08] | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [0.21, 12.94] | 2 studies · 90 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics Functioning ‐ mean endpoint functioning scales (high = good) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 46 participants | Very low |
Magnetic seizure therapy plus standard care vs electroconvulsive therapy plus standard care Global state: clinically important change assessed by: number of participants with a clinical responseStudy duration: 4 weeks · people with acute schizophrenia Magnetic seizure therapy for people with schizophrenia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.73, 1.7] | 1 study · 79 participants | Very low |
Magnetic seizure therapy plus standard care vs electroconvulsive therapy plus standard care Cognitive functioning: clinically important change ‐ not measured · people with acute schizophrenia Magnetic seizure therapy for people with schizophrenia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnetic seizure therapy plus standard care vs electroconvulsive therapy plus standard care Adverse effects: clinically important adverse effectsassessed by: number of participants with a delayed memory deficitStudy duration: 4 weeks · people with acute schizophrenia Magnetic seizure therapy for people with schizophrenia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.41, 0.96] | 1 study · 79 participants | Very low |
Magnetic seizure therapy plus standard care vs electroconvulsive therapy plus standard care Quality of life: clinically important change ‐ not measured · people with acute schizophrenia Magnetic seizure therapy for people with schizophrenia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnetic seizure therapy plus standard care vs electroconvulsive therapy plus standard care Social functioning: clinically important change ‐ not measured · people with acute schizophrenia Magnetic seizure therapy for people with schizophrenia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnetic seizure therapy plus standard care vs electroconvulsive therapy plus standard care Leaving the study early: any reasonassessed by: number of dropouts for any reason Study duration: 4 weeks · people with acute schizophrenia Magnetic seizure therapy for people with schizophrenia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.51 [0.73, 8.59] | 1 study · 79 participants | Very low |
CBT plus standard care vs standard care Aggression ‐ frequency of physical violence. · persistent aggressive behaviour or agitation in people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for persistent aggressive behaviour or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
CBT plus standard care vs standard care Agitation ‐ frequency of agitation · persistent aggressive behaviour or agitation in people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for persistent aggressive behaviour or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CBT plus standard care vs standard care Clinically important adverse effect or event. · persistent aggressive behaviour or agitation in people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for persistent aggressive behaviour or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Ungraded |
CBT plus standard care vs standard care Self harm ‐ frequency of self harm · persistent aggressive behaviour or agitation in people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for persistent aggressive behaviour or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CBT plus standard care vs standard care Mental state ‐ clinically important change in mental state · persistent aggressive behaviour or agitation in people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for persistent aggressive behaviour or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CBT plus standard care vs standard care Leaving the study early for any reason. · persistent aggressive behaviour or agitation in people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for persistent aggressive behaviour or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 184 participants | Low |
CBT plus standard care vs standard care Quality of life ‐ clinically important change in overall quality of life · persistent aggressive behaviour or agitation in people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for persistent aggressive behaviour or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis vs standard care Clinically important change, shown as improved – as defined by individual studies · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (group) for schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis vs standard care Relapse · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (group) for schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis vs standard care Leaving the study early: for any reason – end of treatment · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (group) for schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.94, 1.59] | 13 studies · 1267 participants | Low |