Cochrane · systematic review · CD012236
Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis
Bosnjak Kuharic, D, Kekin, I, Hew, J, et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2019 · Cochrane Library
SchizophreniaAMSTAR 2: not assessed
SoF tableOnly the outcomes this review put in its Summary of Findings table are listed (the Cochrane Handbook caps them at about seven per comparison). Its other analyses are not shown here.
Questions
91
current version
GRADE rated
51
No studies
0
Included studies
NR
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 40 · 44%Very low 46 · 50.5%Low 5 · 5.5%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Questions and results
Group A: amino acids compared to placebo for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) Group A: amino acids vs placebo | RR 0.48 [0.08, 2.98] | 2 studies · 52 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group A: amino acids vs placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state: psychosis risk symptoms Average total score (SOPS total score; higher score = worse, scale from: 0‐114) Short‐term Group A: amino acids vs placebo | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group A: amino acids vs placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: suicidal thoughts Short‐term (events) Group A: amino acids vs placebo | RR 3.57 [0.15, 83.14] | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life Group A: amino acids vs placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Group A: amino acids vs placebo | RR 0.96 [0.55, 1.69] | 2 studies · 52 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids compared to placebo for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Long‐term (events) Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo | RR 0.24 [0.09, 0.67] | 1 study · 81 participants | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Global state: antipsychotic prescription Long‐term (events) Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo | RR 0.54 [0.3, 0.99] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Mental state: psychotic symptoms Average total score (PANSS, higher score = worse, scale from 30‐210) Long‐term (up to 7 years) Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 81 participants | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: neurological, extrapyramidal UKU (events) Medium‐term Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo | RR 2.57 [0.94, 7.02] | 1 study · 304 participants | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Long‐term (events) Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo | RR 1.46 [0.45, 4.8] | 1 study · 81 participants | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention compared to needs‐focused intervention for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state: clinically important change in mental state Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: suicidal thoughts (events) Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention | RR 0.25 [0.01, 6.1] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention | RR 0.59 [0.38, 0.94] | 1 study · 124 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention compared to placebo + supportive intervention for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data, (events) Medium‐term Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention | RR 0.58 [0.28, 1.18] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Global state: global illness severity Average total score, CGI (higher score = worse, scale from: 2‐14) Medium‐term Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Mental state: psychosis risk symptoms SOPS total (higher score = worse, scale from: 0‐114) Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: average weight gain change kg gained (higher scores = worse) Medium‐term Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Medium‐term Group B antipsychotic drugs: olanzapine + supportive intervention vs placebo + supportive intervention | RR 1.59 [0.88, 2.88] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy compared to supportive therapy for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Long‐term (events) Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy | RR 0.45 [0.23, 0.89] | 2 studies · 252 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state PANSS total (higher score = worse, scale from: 30‐210) Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: at least one serious adverse event Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Quality of life Average total score, MANSA (higher score = better, scale from: 16‐112) Long‐term Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 140 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Additional Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive therapy vs supportive therapy | RR 0.96 [0.74, 1.24] | 2 studies · 261 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone compared to cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo | RR 1.02 [0.39, 2.67] | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state: psychopathology Total endpoint data, BPRS (higher score = worse, scale from 0‐126) Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events) Medium‐term Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo | RR 1.03 [0.55, 1.91] | 1 study · 65 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life Average endpoint score, QLS (higher score = better, scale from: 0‐126) Medium‐term Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo | RR 1.09 [0.62, 1.92] | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone compared to needs‐based intervention for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) Long‐term Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention | RR 0.75 [0.39, 1.46] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state: psychopathology Total endpoint data, BPRS (higher score = worse, scale from: 0‐126) Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: at least one serious adverse event Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Quality of life Average endpoint score, QLS (higher score = better, scale from: 0‐126) Long‐term Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early (events) Long‐term Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (specific preventive intervention) + needs‐based intervention + risperidone vs needs‐based intervention | RR 0.57 [0.26, 1.28] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo compared to supportive therapy + placebo for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo vs supportive therapy + placebo | RR 0.74 [0.28, 1.98] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo vs supportive therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state: psychopathology Total endpoint data, BPRS (higher score = worse, scale from 0‐126) Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo vs supportive therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo vs supportive therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events) Medium‐term Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo vs supportive therapy + placebo | RR 1.39 [0.61, 3.18] | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life Average endpoint scores, QLS (higher score = better, scale from 0‐126) Medium‐term Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo vs supportive therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo vs supportive therapy + placebo | RR 1.06 [0.54, 2.09] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive intervention compared to non‐directive reflective listening + supportive intervention for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive intervention vs non‐directive reflective listening + supportive intervention | RR 6.32 [0.34, 117.09] | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive intervention vs non‐directive reflective listening + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state: clinically important change in mental state Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive intervention vs non‐directive reflective listening + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive intervention vs non‐directive reflective listening + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: at least one serious adverse event Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive intervention vs non‐directive reflective listening + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive intervention vs non‐directive reflective listening + supportive intervention | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + supportive intervention vs non‐directive reflective listening + supportive intervention | RR 1.35 [0.81, 2.25] | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone compared to supportive therapy + placebo for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs supportive therapy + placebo | RR 0.76 [0.28, 2.03] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs supportive therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state: psychopathology Total endpoint data, BPRS (higher score = worse, scale from: 0‐126) Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs supportive therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs supportive therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events) Medium‐term Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs supportive therapy + placebo | RR 1.43 [0.64, 3.16] | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Quality of life Average endpoint scores, QLS (higher score = better, scale from: 0‐126) Medium‐term Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs supportive therapy + placebo | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs supportive therapy + placebo | RR 1.16 [0.6, 2.25] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Group C other: cognitive training compared to active control (tablet games) for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Group C other: cognitive training vs active control (tablet games) | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group C other: cognitive training vs active control (tablet games) | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state: psychosis risk symptoms SOPS total (higher score = worse, scale from: 0‐114) Group C other: cognitive training vs active control (tablet games) | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group C other: cognitive training vs active control (tablet games) | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: at least one serious adverse event Group C other: cognitive training vs active control (tablet games) | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life Group C other: cognitive training vs active control (tablet games) | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Long‐term Group C other: cognitive training vs active control (tablet games) | RR 0.78 [0.48, 1.29] | 1 study · 83 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group C other: family treatment compared to enhanced care for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis FACT Long‐term Group C other: family treatment vs enhanced care | RR 0.71 [0.35, 1.45] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Global state: antipsychotic prescriptions (events) Group C other: family treatment vs enhanced care | RR 1.18 [0.69, 2.02] | 1 study · 129 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Mental state: specific ‐ psychosis risk, positive symptoms Average total score, SOPS positive (higher score = worse, scale from 0‐30) Short‐term Group C other: family treatment vs enhanced care | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group C other: family treatment vs enhanced care | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse events: suicide (events) Long‐term (by 24 months) Group C other: family treatment vs enhanced care | RR 1 [0.06, 15.55] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life Group C other: family treatment vs enhanced care | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early FACT Long‐term Group C other: family treatment vs enhanced care | RR 0.94 [0.52, 1.68] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Group C other: integrated treatment compared to standard treatment for prodromal stage of psychosis
Population: people in the prodromal stage of psychosis
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) Long‐term Group C other: integrated treatment vs standard treatment | RR 0.57 [0.28, 1.15] | 1 study · 79 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Global state: clinically important change in global state Group C other: integrated treatment vs standard treatment | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mental state SANS total (higher score = worse, scale from 0‐130) Group C other: integrated treatment vs standard treatment | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Behaviour: clinically important change in behaviour Group C other: integrated treatment vs standard treatment | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Adverse effects: at least one serious adverse event Group C other: integrated treatment vs standard treatment | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life Group C other: integrated treatment vs standard treatment | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) Group C other: integrated treatment vs standard treatment | RR 0.66 [0.25, 1.73] | 1 study · 79 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |