What do systematic reviews say?

Maternal pregnancy to child age 2 to 8 years · Mostly developed countries (Europe and America) · Children of mothers with low prenatal vitamin D

Maternal pregnancy to child age 2 to 8 years · Mostly developed countries (Europe and America) · Children of mothers with sufficient prenatal vitamin D

Schools; Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, Bahir Dar, Finote Selam, Harer, Debre Birhan, North Showa) · Sampling technique: systematic random sampling

Schools; Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, Bahir Dar, Finote Selam, Harer, Debre Birhan, North Showa) · Sampling technique: multi-stage random sampling

Schools; Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, Bahir Dar, Finote Selam, Harer, Debre Birhan, North Showa) · Sampling technique: simple random sampling

India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana); schools/institutions and community · Overall

Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: USA

Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Dental examination: Clinical and radiographic examinations

Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: Europe

Maternal 25(OH)D measured at gestational weeks 6 to 38 · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Gestational-age subgroup: weeks 6 to 38

Prenatal exposure; dental caries assessed in children aged 2 to 8 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Overall (all studies pooled)

Prenatal exposure; dental caries in children aged 2 to 8 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Publication-bias adjustment: Trim & Fill corrected pooled estimate

Prenatal exposure; dental caries at 6 to 8 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Children's age subgroup: 6 to 8 years

Prenatal exposure; dental caries at 4 to 6 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Children's age subgroup: 4 to 6 years

Maternal 25(OH)D measured at gestational weeks 24 to 38 · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Gestational-age subgroup: weeks 24 to 38

Pakistan (school-, community-, and hospital/clinic-based cross-sectional surveys) · Dentition: permanent

Pakistan (school-, community-, and hospital/clinic-based cross-sectional surveys) · Dentition: mixed

Pakistan (school-, community-, and hospital/clinic-based cross-sectional surveys) · City: Islamabad and Rawalpindi (combined)

Overall

Study region: Australia

Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Children's age: over 3 years

Maternal pregnancy to child age 2 to 8 years · Mostly developed countries (Europe and America) · Vitamin D threshold ≤50 nmol/L

Maternal pregnancy to child age 2 to 8 years · Mostly developed countries (Europe and America) · Vitamin D threshold ≤35 nmol/L

Maternal gestational weeks 6 to 38 · Mostly developed countries (Europe and America) · Vitamin D measurement at 6 to 38 gestational weeks

Maternal pregnancy to child age 2 to 8 years · Mostly developed countries (Europe and America) · Meta-regression adjusted for gestational age, child age, and maternal vitamin D level

Community-, school-, and hospital/clinic-based populations across regions of Ethiopia

UAE (Dubai, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah); nurseries, preschools, schools and dental clinics

Europe · Study region: Europe

Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Julihn et al. 2009

Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Majorana et al. 2014

Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Iida et al. 2007

Asia · Study region: Asia

Community/population-based samples of children and adolescents (households, schools and clinics) across multiple countries; mostly cross-sectional surveys plus some cohort and case-control studies · Prenatal exposure; primary dentition

24 months · Clinical (in vivo pit-and-fissure sealant placement)