Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM35048017
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Zhong Yongjin, Tang Quan, Tan Bowen, et al. · Frontiers in oral health · 2021 · PubMed · doi:10.3389/froh.2021.673449
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
21
current version
GRADE rated
0
No studies
0
Included studies
11
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 21 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Children | Children (ages 0.5 to 19 years across studies) (n=11 studies) |
| Intervention | Maternal smoking during pregnancy (prenatal smoking) | Maternal smoking during pregnancy (self-reported in most studies; database/register in some) |
| Comparison | No maternal smoking during pregnancy | No maternal smoking during pregnancy |
| Outcomes | Dental caries in children | Dental caries (prevalence in cross-sectional; incidence in longitudinal); 9 studies pooled |
| Study designs | Cross-sectional or longitudinal (observational) studies; ORs/RRs/HRs with 95% CI required; English-language | 6 cross-sectional and 5 longitudinal studies included (n=11); meta-analysis used 6 cross-sectional (OR) and 3 longitudinal (RR) (n=9) |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |
Search date: March 29, 2021. Databases: PubMed; EMBASE; Cochrane; Scopus; Web of Science
Questions and results
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Population: Children
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries Sample size: over 3,000 In studies with sample size over 3,000, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.56; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Childhood dental caries Sensitivity: excluded Majorana et al. 2014 Population: Children in cross-sectional studies The cross-sectional association remained statistically significant after excluding Majorana et al. 2014. Source: Table 3, Sensitivity analyses · same question in other reviews | OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.68] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Childhood dental caries Sensitivity: excluded Iida et al. 2007 Population: Children in cross-sectional studies The cross-sectional association remained statistically significant after excluding Iida et al. 2007. Source: Table 3, Sensitivity analyses · same question in other reviews | OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Childhood dental caries Sensitivity: excluded Tanaka et al. 2015 Population: Children in cross-sectional studies The cross-sectional association remained statistically significant after excluding Tanaka et al. 2015. Source: Table 3, Sensitivity analyses · same question in other reviews | OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries Study region: United States In the United States study, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.68; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.68 [1.01, 2.79] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Dental caries Children's age: over 3 years Among children older than 3 years, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.56; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Childhood dental caries Sensitivity: excluded Julihn et al. 2009 Population: Children in cross-sectional studies The cross-sectional association remained statistically significant after excluding Julihn et al. 2018. Source: Table 3, Sensitivity analyses · same question in other reviews | OR 1.63 [1.35, 1.98] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries Study region: Europe In European studies, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.55; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.55 [1.45, 1.66] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries Children's age: 3 years or younger Among children aged 3 years or younger, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.71; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.71 [1.34, 2.16] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries Sample size: 3,000 or fewer In studies with sample size of 3,000 or fewer, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.61; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.61 [1.30, 2.01] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries Caries assessment: clinical and radiographic examination In the study using clinical and radiographic examination, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.56; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Dental caries Caries assessment: visual/tactile examination In studies using visual/tactile caries examination, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.48; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.48 [1.15, 1.91] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries Maternal smoking during pregnancy is significantly associated with higher odds of dental caries in children (pooled cross-sectional OR 1.57; ungraded). Source: Results (Meta-Analysis); Figure 2; Abstract · same question in other reviews | OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries Study region: Asia In Asian studies, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.84; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.84 [1.39, 2.45] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Childhood dental caries Overall Population: Children in cross-sectional studies Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher odds of childhood caries in cross-sectional studies. Source: Figure 2; Results, Meta-Analysis; Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries Maternal smoking during pregnancy is significantly associated with higher risk of dental caries in children (pooled longitudinal RR 1.26; ungraded). Source: Results (Meta-Analysis); Figure 4; Abstract · same question in other reviews | RR 1.26 [1.07, 1.48] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Childhood dental caries Sensitivity: excluded Tanaka et al. 2009 Population: Children in cross-sectional studies The cross-sectional association remained statistically significant after excluding Tanaka et al. 2009. Source: Table 3, Sensitivity analyses · same question in other reviews | OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.66] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries Caries assessment: visual examination In studies using visual caries examination, maternal prenatal smoking is associated with higher odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.84; ungraded). Source: Results (Subgroup Analysis); Table 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.84 [1.39, 2.45] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Childhood dental caries Sensitivity: excluded Borowska-Struginska et al. 2016 Population: Children in cross-sectional studies The cross-sectional association remained statistically significant after excluding Borowska-Struginska et al. 2016. Source: Table 3, Sensitivity analyses · same question in other reviews | OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.68] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Population: Children in cross-sectional studies from Europe
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Childhood dental caries Study region: Europe Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher odds of childhood caries in the Europe subgroup. Source: Table 3; Results, Subgroup Analysis · same question in other reviews | OR 1.55 [1.45, 1.66] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Population: Children in cross-sectional studies from Asia
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Childhood dental caries Study region: Asia Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher odds of childhood caries in the Asia subgroup. Source: Table 3; Results, Subgroup Analysis · same question in other reviews | OR 1.84 [1.39, 2.45] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Included primary studies 11
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majorana et al. 2014 Feeding and smoking habits as cumulative risk factors for early childhood caries in toddlers, after adjustment for several behavioral… PMID:24528500 | 4 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tanaka S et al. 2015 Secondhand smoke and incidence of dental caries in deciduous teeth among children in Japan: population based retrospective cohort study. PMID:26489750 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Akinkugbe 2021 Does the Trimester of Smoking Matter in the Association between Prenatal Smoking and the Risk of Early Childhood Caries? PMID:33508853 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Claudia et al. 2016 The relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental-reported experience of dental caries in Indigenous Australian… DOI:10.1922/cdh_3937claudia06 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Julihn et al. 2009 Maternal overweight and smoking: prenatal risk factors for caries development in offspring during the teenage period DOI:10.1007/s10654-009-9399-7 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Julihn et al. 2018 Socioeconomic Determinants, Maternal Health, and Caries in Young Children. PMID:30263967 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tanaka et al. 2009 The Effect of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Postnatal Household Smoking on Dental Caries in Young Children DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.032 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tanaka K et al. 2015 Association of prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and postnatal exposure to household smoking with dental caries in 3-year-old Japanese… DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.004 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Akinkugbe et al. 2020 Prenatal smoking and the risk of early childhood caries: A prospective cohort study. PMID:33083206 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Borowska-Struginska et al. 2016 Prenatal and familial factors of caries in first permanent molars in schoolchildren living in urban area of Łódź, Poland DOI:10.1016/j.jchb.2015.12.002 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Iida et al. 2007 Association Between Infant Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries in the United States DOI:10.1542/peds.2006-0124 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match).