Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM39395896
Secondary Smoking and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Luo Bella Weijia, Sun Ivy Guofang, Chan Sophia Siu Chee, et al. · International dental journal · 2025 · PubMed · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2024.08.013
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
3
current version
GRADE rated
3
No studies
0
Included studies
16
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 33.3%Low 2 · 66.7%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Children aged 71 months or younger; caries outcome in children aged 3-6 years | Preschool children aged 4 months-6 years; 124,179 participants across 16 studies (n=16) |
| Intervention | Secondary smoking (passive/secondhand smoke) exposure investigated during childhood | Secondary smoking (father/mother/parental/household/family smoking), grouped Yes vs No (n=16) |
| Comparison | No secondary smoking exposure | No secondary smoking exposure (n=16) |
| Outcomes | Incidence or prevalence of dental caries (early childhood caries) | Caries prevalence (cross-sectional, case-control) and caries incidence (cohort) (n=16) |
| Study designs | Observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional surveys) | 12 cross-sectional, 2 cohort, 2 case-control studies (n=16) |
| Timing | Exposure during childhood; caries outcome at ages 3-6 years | Caries assessed at 3-6 years; cohorts followed from infancy (4-18 months) to age 3 |
Search date: 20 June 2024. Databases: PubMed; Web of Science; Medline (via Ovid); Scopus; Embase (via Ovid)
Questions and results
Secondary (passive/secondhand) smoking exposure during childhood vs No secondary smoking exposure
Population: Preschool children aged <=71 months (caries outcome assessed at 3-6 years)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) Caries prevalence at 3-6 years · Overall Preschool children exposed to secondary smoking have higher odds of caries prevalence (OR 1.77), but the cross-sectional evidence is very uncertain (very low certainty). Source: Figure 2 (forest plot, pooled diamond); Table 4 (Summary of findings, cross-sectional row); Results, Meta-analysis · same question in other reviews | OR 1.77 [1.57, 2.01] | 11 studies · 14,794 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Caries incidence (early childhood caries) Caries incidence by age 3 years (exposure from infancy, 4-18 months) · Overall Children exposed to secondary smoking from infancy have a higher incidence of early childhood caries by age 3 (RR 1.45; low certainty). Source: Figure 3 (forest plot, pooled diamond); Table 4 (Summary of findings, cohort row); Results, Meta-analysis · same question in other reviews | RR 1.45 [1.41, 1.49] 0.13 vs 0.40 | 2 studies · 102,830 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) Caries prevalence at 4-6 years · Overall Children exposed to secondary smoking may have higher odds of caries prevalence (OR 4.46; low certainty) based on two case-control studies. Source: Figure 4 (forest plot, pooled diamond); Table 4 (Summary of findings, case-control row); Results, Meta-analysis · same question in other reviews | OR 4.46 [2.08, 9.55] 0.71 vs 0.92 | 2 studies · 240 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Included primary studies 16
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanaka 2015 Secondhand smoke and incidence of dental caries in deciduous teeth among children in Japan: population based retrospective cohort study. PMID:26489750 | 2 other reviews | Caries incidence (early childhood caries); PM39395896-P2-O1 | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Hanioka 2008 Dental caries in 3-year-old children and smoking status of parents. PMID:19000292 | 1 other review | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tanaka 2009 The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal household smoking on dental caries in young children. PMID:19555966 | 1 other review | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Watanabe 2014 The influence of lifestyle on the incidence of dental caries among 3-year-old Japanese children. PMID:25489996 | 1 other review | Caries incidence (early childhood caries); PM39395896-P2-O1 | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Avsar 2008 Association of passive smoking with caries and related salivary biomarkers in young children. PMID:18672230 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries); PM39395896-P3-O1 | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Goto 2019 Association between exposure to household smoking and dental caries in preschool children: a cross-sectional study. PMID:30684963 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kato 2017 Parental occupations, educational levels, and income and prevalence of dental caries in 3-year-old Japanese children. PMID:29237397 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lee 2020 Associations of nutritional status, sugar and second-hand smoke exposure with dental caries among 3- to 6-year old Malaysian… PMID:32493338 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Leroy 2008 Parental smoking behavior and caries experience in preschool children. PMID:18474057 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mohammed 2019 Dental Caries Experience and Salivary Total Protein among 5 Years Passive Smokers in Tikrit City, Iraq DOI:10.5958/0976-5506.2019.03808.7 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries); PM39395896-P3-O1 | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nakayama 2015 Association of environmental tobacco smoke and snacking habits with the risk of early childhood caries among 3-year-old Japanese children. PMID:25659226 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nakayama 2019 Association of Environmental Tobacco Smoke with the Risk of Severe Early Childhood Caries among 3-Year-Old Japanese Children. PMID:30278438 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ogawa 2021 Association between Insufficient Sleep and Dental Caries among Preschoolers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Multicentre Study. PMID:35049530 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Songo 2013 Caries experience and related factors in 4-6 year-olds attending dental clinics in Kinshasa, DR of Congo. PMID:24575530 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tang 2020 Influence of life-style factors, including second-hand smoke, on dental caries among 3-year-old children in Wuxi, China. PMID:31408250 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Williams 2000 Parental smoking practices and caries experience in pre-school children. PMID:10773628 | this review only | Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match).