Primary study · included by 1 review

Parental smoking practices and caries experience in pre-school children.

Williams 2000 · Williams S A, Kwan S Y, Parsons S · Caries research · 2000

PubMed 10773628 doi:10.1159/000016578Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Trial PICO

Not extracted yet. Trial-level population, intervention, comparator, outcomes and design will appear here after the trial extraction run. Until then, the reviews below describe the study.

Results

Not extracted yet. Per-trial results (events, means, effect and weight as each review's forest plot reports them) will appear here after the trial extraction run.

Included by

Secondary Smoking and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Non-Cochrane · aetiology · 2025 · cited as Williams 2000 · Table 1 (cross-sectional studies); Figure 2 (forest plot)

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) Secondary (passive/secondhand) smoking exposure during childhood vs No secondary smoking exposure · Caries prevalence at 3-6 years	OR 1.77 [1.57, 2.01]	11 studies · 14,794 participants	Very low

1 including review in total.