Primary study · included by 1 review

Parental occupations, educational levels, and income and prevalence of dental caries in 3-year-old Japanese children.

Kato 2017 · Kato Hiromasa, Tanaka Keiko, Shimizu Ken, et al. · Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2017

PubMed 29237397 doi:10.1186/s12199-017-0688-6Journal Article

Trial PICO

Not extracted yet. Trial-level population, intervention, comparator, outcomes and design will appear here after the trial extraction run. Until then, the reviews below describe the study.

Results

Not extracted yet. Per-trial results (events, means, effect and weight as each review's forest plot reports them) will appear here after the trial extraction run.

Included by

Secondary Smoking and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Non-Cochrane · aetiology · 2025 · cited as Kato 2017 · Table 1 (cross-sectional studies); Results (not pooled - reported no difference)

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) Secondary (passive/secondhand) smoking exposure during childhood vs No secondary smoking exposure · Caries prevalence at 3-6 years	OR 1.77 [1.57, 2.01]	11 studies · 14,794 participants	Very low

1 including review in total.