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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.

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5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries

current versions
No studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Digital bitewing radiography, sensor-based (CCD/CMOS) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 5.01 [2.83, 8.88]12 studiesUngraded
3-month school-based supervised daily tooth-brushing program with fluoridated toothpaste (multilevel: trained school nurses plus parental involvement) vs Pre-intervention (before-after)
Visible plaque and oral-hygiene behavior · Schoolchildren aged 4-6 years in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai) · 3 months
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Al Mashhadani evaluated a 3-month school-based daily tooth-brushing program (1,500 students aged 4-6 in 7 private and governmental schools). The presence of visible plaque decreased from 76.8% to 36.7%…1 study · 1500 participantsUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.702 studiesUngraded
Higher consumption of snacks / sugar / soft drinks vs Lower consumption
Dental caries · Healthy children and adolescents in the United Arab Emirates
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Soft drink consumption (Khadri et al.: 0.31, 95% CI 0.14-0.47) and a high extent of snacking (Hashim et al.: high vs low snack level aRR 1.46, 95% CI 1.26-1.70; snacking >=3x vs once daily aRR 1.25, 1.00-1.57) were…NRUngraded
Sealant/coating agent WITH fluoride release applied to teeth with fixed appliances vs No sealant (untreated control teeth)
Initiation of white spot lesions (WSL), visual-tactile assessment · Patients of any age (11-40 years) receiving comprehensive/fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances · 3-27 months follow-up, Sealant with fluoride release
Efficacy of sealants and bonding materials during fixed orthodontic treatment to prevent enamel… (2021)
RR 0.69 [0.46, 1.05]3 studies · 1467 participantsUngraded
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Specificity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Permanent dentition (non-CBCT)
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.90 [0.85, 0.93]NRUngraded
Tooth brushing at least twice daily vs Brushing less than daily
Mean DMFT · Children aged 5-6 years in Ajman schools · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
ARR 0.80 [0.64, 0.93]1 study · 1036 participantsUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, F-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.42 [0.29, 0.56]3 studiesUngraded
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2095) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.797 studiesUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography (E-speed film) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.48 [0.21, 0.77]2 studiesUngraded
Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 1-32 remaining teeth
All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Multivariable-adjusted
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
HR 1.30 [1.21, 1.40]7 studies · 102254 participantsModerate
Direct composite resin restoration vs Amalgam restoration
Restoration failure rate · People with permanent or adult posterior teeth requiring restoration (parallel-group trials involved children aged 6… · Follow-up: 5 to 7 years
Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent posterior teeth (2021) · Cochrane
RR 1.89 [1.52, 2.35]2 studies · 921 participantsLow
Chemotherapy (any regimen; added to, or compared with, locoregional treatment) vs Locoregional treatment and/or an alternative chemotherapy regimen
Quality of life · People receiving curative-intent treatment for oral cavity and oropharyngeal (squamous cell) cancer
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy (2021) · Cochrane
Quality of life was a planned (protocol) outcome but no included trial provided usable quality-of-life data; the protocol was modified to report only survival/response outcomes.0 studiesNo studies
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Dentine-caries (D3) prevalence low <15% (non-CBCT)
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.36 [0.25, 0.47]NRUngraded
Resin infiltration vs Untreated control (natural remineralization)
Optical/esthetic improvement (visual-tactile assessment) · Patients with post-orthodontic white spot lesions (WSL) · 4 weeks to 6 months
Efficacy of resin infiltration to mask post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic white spot lesions or… (2021)
SMD 1.24 [0.59, 1.88]3 studies · 949 participantsModerate
Systemic sclerosis (SSc / scleroderma) vs SSc-free individuals (controls)
Probing depth (PD) · Adults (general and hospital populations assessed in case-control studies) · Other/non-Asia (Da Silva 2019, Iordache 2019, Isola 2017, Pischon 2016)
Oral manifestations of patients with systemic sclerosis: a meta-analysis for case-controlled studies. (2021)
SMD 4.86 [1.61, 8.10]4 studiesUngraded
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2095) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 18.33 [7.57, 44.37]1 studyUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography, sensor-based (CCD/CMOS) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 12.84 [6.56, 25.13]4 studiesUngraded
Dental erosion assessment vs None (descriptive prevalence review)
Dental erosion prevalence · Preschool children (5-year-olds) in the United Arab Emirates (Sharjah)
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Among 5-year-olds in Sharjah (n=403), Gopinath reported dental erosion in 58.8% and dissolution of enamel in 55.0% (exposed dentin 3.7%). Predictors of erosion included Arab non-Emirati nationality (OR 0.27, 95% CI…1 study · 403 participantsUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.46 [0.20, 0.73]8 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Dental caries prevalence · General population (children and adults) in East Africa
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021)
Prevalence 0.457 [0.380, 0.534]44 studiesUngraded
Observed population vs Not applicable
Care index · Preschool children attending Al Ain pediatric dentistry department · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Proportion 6.41 study · 176 participantsUngraded
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Dental caries · Children · Sample size: over 3,000
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67]2 studiesUngraded
Rubber dam isolation and moisture control (alone or with saliva aspiration) vs Cotton rolls (with or without saliva aspiration)
Survival rate of restorations (6 months) · Dental patients undergoing direct or indirect restorative treatment (no age or gender restriction) · 6 months, Non-carious cervical lesions (composite restoration)
Rubber dam isolation for restorative treatment in dental patients (2021) · Cochrane
OR 2.29 [1.05, 4.99]2 studies · 192 participantsLow
CarieScan Pro device vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs)
Sensitivity · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane
CarieScan Pro (3 studies, 244 tooth surfaces): sensitivity ranged from 0.55 to 0.91. No evidence of a difference in accuracy by device type (Chi2=0.05, df=1, P=0.82).3 studiesUngraded
External control of fluoride concentration vs Not applicable
Samples with fluoride concentration below the acceptable range · Brazilian cities in the Southeast region with artificially fluoridated public water supplies · 1995-2013, Southeast region
External control of fluoridation in the public water supplies of Brazilian cities as a strategy against… (2021)
Prevalence 24.6NRUngraded
17-24 remaining teeth vs 25-32 remaining teeth
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
RR 1.73 [1.22, 2.45]4 studies · 213202 participantsHigh
0-19 remaining teeth vs 20-32 remaining teeth
All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Crude
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
HR 2.47 [2.40, 2.54]2 studies · 36379 participantsUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography, phosphor plate (PSP) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.8211 studiesUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, E-speed film vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.91 [0.80, 0.96]1 studyUngraded
0-19 remaining teeth vs 20-32 remaining teeth
All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
RR 1.84 [1.52, 2.23]11 studies · 267575 participantsLow
Fluoride-releasing coating material vs Coating material without fluoride release
Incidence of new white spot lesions by visual-tactile assessment · Patients receiving comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment · 1 to 24 months, Overall
Efficacy of sealants and bonding materials during fixed orthodontic treatment to prevent enamel… (2021)
RR 0.84 [0.70, 1.01]10 studies · 4705 participantsVery low
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2190/pen) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.961 studyUngraded
Dental caries (ascertained mostly by WHO criteria/DMFT; also CAST, ICDAS, or clinical examination) vs None (descriptive prevalence meta-analysis)
Dental caries prevalence · General Pakistani population (all ages and both sexes; predominantly children and adolescents) · Dentition: permanent
Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
Prevalence 57.184 [26.288, 85.251]NRUngraded
Micro-invasive treatment (resin infiltration or sealing) vs Non-invasive / control treatment
Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Patients with non-cavitated proximal (approximal) caries lesions (primary or permanent dentition) · Longest available follow-up, Caries risk: low
Infiltration and sealing for managing non-cavitated proximal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 0.24 [0.08, 0.72]2 studiesUngraded
Analogue (conventional) radiographs vs Digital radiographs (direct within-person / paired comparison); reference standard: histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination
Specificity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Analogue
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.91 [0.86, 0.94]15 studiesUngraded
Sealing using sealant materials vs Selective carious tissue removal (selective excavation, SE)
Failure of therapy · Children and/or adults with permanent or primary teeth, vital (sensitive) pulps, and cavitated or dentine carious… · 18-24 months, Cavitated lesions, primary dentition
Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions (2021) · Cochrane
OR 3.11 [0.11, 85.52]2 studies · 82 participantsVery low
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CT/CC genotype vs TT genotype (dominant model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Permanent tooth caries
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.78 [0.41, 7.73]3 studies · 1271 participantsUngraded
Fluoride concentration relative to the acceptable range (electrometric ion-selective electrode measurement; acceptable range mostly 0.6-0.8 ppmF) vs None (descriptive proportion meta-analysis)
Water samples with fluoride concentration below the acceptable range · Artificially fluoridated public water supply in Brazilian cities (water samples under external control) · Region: Northeast Brazil
External control of fluoridation in the public water supplies of Brazilian cities as a strategy against… (2021)
Prevalence 79.7NRUngraded
Intervention NR
Dental caries prevalence · Ethiopia
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021)
Prevalence 0.440 [0.326, 0.553]12 studiesUngraded
Fibre-optic transillumination (FOTI) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.97 [0.89, 0.994]2 studiesUngraded
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Specificity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Histology reference standard
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.76 [0.69, 0.81]NRUngraded
Observed population vs Not applicable
Dental caries prevalence · School children aged 15-17 years in Dubai schools · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Prevalence 42.41 study · 2063 participantsUngraded
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances
Lactobacilli presence (CFU > 10^5) · Adults undergoing orthodontic treatment · 3 months, Adults
Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
RR 0.09 [0.02, 0.47]2 studies · 140 participantsLow
Non-selective carious tissue removal and conventional restoration (CR) vs Selective carious tissue removal (selective excavation, SE)
Failure of therapy · Children and/or adults with permanent or primary teeth, vital (sensitive) pulps, and cavitated or dentine carious… · 12-18 months, Deep lesions, permanent dentition
Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions (2021) · Cochrane
OR 11.32 [1.97, 65.02]2 studies · 179 participantsVery low
Rubber dam isolation and moisture control (alone or with saliva aspiration) vs Cotton rolls (with or without saliva aspiration)
Survival rate of restorations (18 months) · Dental patients undergoing direct or indirect restorative treatment (no age or gender restriction) · 18 months, Non-carious cervical lesions (composite restoration)
Rubber dam isolation for restorative treatment in dental patients (2021) · Cochrane
OR 1.00 [0.45, 2.25]1 study · 30 participantsVery low
Analogue (conventional) radiographs vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Specificity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.90 [0.86, 0.93]51 studiesUngraded
Arab non-Emirati nationality vs Reference nationality not stated
Dental erosion · Five-year-old preschool children in Sharjah · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
OR 0.27 [0.18, 0.42]1 study · 403 participantsUngraded
Molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) assessment vs None (descriptive prevalence review)
MIH prevalence · School-aged children in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai)
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Two Dubai studies assessed MIH: Ahmad et al. reported a low prevalence of 7.59% (higher in low-socioeconomic-class schools, 11.31% vs 4.58% in high-class) and Hussain et al. reported 27.2% (higher in females, 32.6% vs…2 studiesUngraded
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances
Average fluorescence loss (dF%) · Adults undergoing orthodontic treatment · 3 months, Adults
Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
MD -1.40 [-2.15, -0.65]1 studyUngraded