Non-Cochrane · prevalence · PM33996722
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Teshome Amare, Muche Abebe, Girma Biruk · Frontiers in public health · 2021 · PubMed · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.645091
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
27
current version
GRADE rated
0
No studies
0
Included studies
88
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 27 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Populations in East African countries (Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Eritrea, Kenya, Burundi, Tanzania, Sudan, South Sudan, Rwanda, Uganda); no age or language restriction | 46 studies (27,206 participants) from 8 countries: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia (no eligible studies from Djibouti, Burundi, South Sudan) |
| Intervention | Prevalence of dental caries; exposures for associated-factor analyses (sugary/carbohydrate intake, oral hygiene/tooth brushing, residency, gender) | Caries prevalence estimated; associated factors analyzed: gender, residency, oral hygiene (tooth brushing), carbohydrate intake |
| Comparison | Not applicable for prevalence; reference groups for associated factors | Reference groups: male, rural, good tooth brushing, infrequent carbohydrate intake |
| Outcomes | Prevalence of dental caries and/or mean DMFT/dmft; associated factors expressed as odds ratios | Pooled caries prevalence 45.7% (95% CI 38.0-53.4); mean DMFT 1.941 (95% CI 1.561-2.322); mean dmft 2.237 (95% CI 1.293-3.181); risk-factor odds ratios (Table 2) |
| Study designs | Cross-sectional / observational prevalence studies; community- and school-based settings in East Africa | Community- and school-based cross-sectional studies across 8 East African countries |
| Timing | Prevalence assessed cross-sectionally; literature searched up to December 2020 | Included studies conducted between 2000 and 2020 |
Search date: December 2020. Databases: MEDLINE; Scopus; Google Scholar
Questions and results
Comparison
Population: General population (children and adults) in East Africa
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries prevalence The pooled prevalence of dental caries in East Africa (2000-2020) was 45.7% (95% CI 38.0 to 53.4); certainty not graded. Source: Abstract; Results 'Prevalence of Dental Caries'; Figure 2 (forest plot) · same question in other reviews | Prevalence 0.457 [0.380, 0.534] | 44 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Eritrea Caries prevalence was highest in Eritrea at 65.2% (95% CI 49.2 to 81.1); certainty not graded. Source: Results 'Subgroup Analysis'; Figure 4; Discussion · same question in other reviews | Prevalence 0.652 [0.492, 0.811] | NR | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Sudan Caries prevalence in Sudan was 57.8% (95% CI 36.0 to 79.7); certainty not graded. Source: Results 'Subgroup Analysis'; Figure 4 · same question in other reviews | Prevalence 0.578 [0.360, 0.797] | NR | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Permanent dentition (>=12 years) Caries prevalence in permanent dentition (>=12 years) was 50.2% (95% CI 38.4 to 62.1); certainty not graded. Source: Results 'Subgroup Analysis'; Figure 5; Discussion · same question in other reviews | Prevalence 0.502 [0.384, 0.621] | NR | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Primary dentition Caries prevalence in primary dentition was 39.5% (95% CI 26.9 to 52.1); certainty not graded. Source: Discussion; Figure 5 · same question in other reviews | Prevalence 0.395 [0.269, 0.521] | NR | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Mixed dentition (6-12 years) Caries prevalence in mixed dentition (6-12 years) was 41.3% (95% CI 33.5 to 49.2); certainty not graded. Source: Results 'Subgroup Analysis'; Figure 5; Discussion · same question in other reviews | Prevalence 0.413 [0.335, 0.492] | NR | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Tanzania Caries prevalence was lowest in Tanzania at 30.7% (95% CI 21.5 to 39.9); certainty not graded. Source: Discussion; Figure 4 · same question in other reviews | Prevalence 0.307 [0.215, 0.399] | NR | Ungraded |
Comparison
Population: Individuals with permanent dentition in East Africa
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) Eritrea Mean DMFT in Eritrea was 2.273 (95% CI 1.884 to 2.661); certainty not graded. Source: Results 'Decayed, Missed, and Filled Tooth and dmft'; Figure 8 · same question in other reviews | MEAN 2.273 [1.884, 2.661] | NR | Ungraded |
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) Tanzania Mean DMFT was lowest in Tanzania at 0.945 (95% CI not reported); certainty not graded. Source: Discussion ('a low DMFT in Tanzania (DMFT = 0.945)') · same question in other reviews | MEAN 0.945 [0.421, 1.468] | NR | Ungraded |
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) Ethiopia Mean DMFT in Ethiopia was 1.182 (95% CI 1.135 to 1.229); certainty not graded. Source: Results 'Decayed, Missed, and Filled Tooth and dmft'; Figure 8 · same question in other reviews | MEAN 1.182 [1.135, 1.229] | NR | Ungraded |
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) The pooled mean DMFT (permanent dentition) in East Africa was 1.941 (95% CI 1.561 to 2.322); certainty not graded. Source: Abstract; Results 'Decayed, Missed, and Filled Tooth and dmft'; Figure 7 (forest plot) · same question in other reviews | MEAN 1.941 [1.561, 2.322] | 26 studies | Ungraded |
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) Uganda Mean DMFT in Uganda was 2.876 (95% CI 2.186 to 3.565); certainty not graded. Source: Results 'Decayed, Missed, and Filled Tooth and dmft'; Figure 8 · same question in other reviews | MEAN 2.876 [2.186, 3.565] | NR | Ungraded |
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) Sudan Mean DMFT was highest in Sudan at 3.146 (95% CI 1.050 to 5.242); certainty not graded. Source: Results 'Decayed, Missed, and Filled Tooth and dmft'; Figure 8 · same question in other reviews | MEAN 3.146 [1.050, 5.242] | NR | Ungraded |
Comparison
Population: Children with primary dentition in East Africa
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean dmft (decayed, missing, filled primary teeth) The pooled mean dmft (primary dentition) in East Africa was 2.237 (95% CI 1.293 to 3.181); certainty not graded. Source: Abstract; Results 'Decayed, Missed, and Filled Tooth and dmft'; Figure 9 (forest plot) · same question in other reviews | MEAN 2.237 [1.293, 3.181] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Female sex vs Male sex
Population: Individuals in East Africa assessed for dental caries
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries (presence) Females had significantly higher odds of dental caries than males (OR 1.333, 95% CI 1.129 to 1.575); certainty not graded. Source: Table 2; Results 'Factors Associated With Dental Caries' · same question in other reviews | OR 1.333 [1.129, 1.575] | 12 studies · 5391 participants | Ungraded |
Urban residency vs Rural residency
Population: Individuals in East Africa assessed for dental caries
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries (presence) Residency was not significantly associated with dental caries (OR 0.962, 95% CI 0.595 to 1.554); certainty not graded. Source: Table 2; Results 'Factors Associated With Dental Caries' · same question in other reviews | OR 0.962 [0.595, 1.554] | 6 studies · 2489 participants | Ungraded |
Poor / no tooth brushing habit vs Good tooth brushing habit
Population: Individuals in East Africa assessed for dental caries
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries (presence) Poor tooth brushing was associated with significantly higher odds of dental caries (OR 1.967, 95% CI 1.205 to 3.211); certainty not graded. Source: Table 2; Results 'Factors Associated With Dental Caries' · same question in other reviews | OR 1.967 [1.205, 3.211] | 10 studies · 4927 participants | Ungraded |
Frequent carbohydrate / sugary food intake vs Infrequent carbohydrate intake
Population: Individuals in East Africa assessed for dental caries
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries (presence) Frequent carbohydrate intake was associated with significantly higher odds of dental caries (OR 1.575, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.051); certainty not graded. Source: Table 2; Results 'Factors Associated With Dental Caries' · same question in other reviews | OR 1.575 [1.13, 3.051] | 11 studies · 5651 participants | Ungraded |
Comparison
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries prevalence Rwanda | Prevalence 0.425 [0.360, 0.489] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) Somalia | MEAN 2.200 [2.200, 2.200] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Kenya | Prevalence 0.456 [0.240, 0.672] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Somalia | Prevalence 0.414 [0.109, 0.719] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Ethiopia | Prevalence 0.440 [0.326, 0.553] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) Kenya | MEAN 1.410 [-0.045, 2.865] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Sensitivity analysis (leave-one-out maximum) | Prevalence 0.466 [0.391, 0.541] | 43 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Uganda | Prevalence 0.498 [0.348, 0.648] | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries prevalence Sensitivity analysis (leave-one-out minimum) | Prevalence 0.447 [0.384, 0.510] | 43 studies | Ungraded |
Included primary studies 88
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andegiorgish 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Teshome 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ademe 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ayele 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Birungi 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Fukuda 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kutesa 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mafuvadze 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mulu 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Muwazi 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mwakatobe 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Owino 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Teshome 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Abdelhamid 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Abdelhamid 2019 Reye's syndrome: to be or not to be. PMID:422019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ademe 2020 [The studies on the antiepileptic drug estimation by means of EMIT-AED (author's transl)]. PMID:362020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ahmed and Abuaffan 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ahmed and Abuaffan 2015 A study of mental status and anamnestic factors related to the decision for inpatient or outpatient treatment. PMID:512015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Andegiorgish 2017 [Present-day views on the trypsinogen-enterokinase correlation in the pathology of the developmental period in the light of clinical… PMID:432017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Aynalem 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Aynalem 2020 [Studies on the cutting ability of dental diamond points--the trial manufacture of the cutting test apparatus (author's transl)]. PMID:392020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Berhane and Worku 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Berhane and Worku 2014 [Comparative secondary effects of different analgesics]. PMID:332014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Birungi 2020 ITPA interchannel differences. PMID:482020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bogale 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bogale 2021 [Allotransplantation of formalinized bones and articular ends in long tubular bone defects]. PMID:382021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Burnett 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Carneiro and Kabulwa 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Carneiro and Kabulwa 2012 The structure of oxy-erythrocruorin at 1.4 X resolution. PMID:642012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Elidrissi and Naidoo 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Elidrissi and Naidoo 2016 Fast neutron beam radiotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme. PMID:182016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Equbamichael 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Equbamichael 2006 [Infectious complications in infusion therapy]. PMID:412006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Fukuda 2014 [Sequelae of hand burns in early childhood (author's transl)]. PMID:532014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kalanzi 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kalanzi 2019 [Studies of pharmacokinetics and disease information]. PMID:502019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kassim and Noor 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kassim and Noor 2006 [Cataract extraction following glaucoma surgery]. PMID:552006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kebede 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kebede 2012 [Evaluation of the effectiveness of oxygen and carbogen therapy in Ménièr's disease by clinical and electroencephalographic data]. PMID:352012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Khalifa 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Khalifa 2012 Activation of teratocarcinoma-derived hemoglobin genes in teratocarcinoma-Friend cell hybrids. PMID:282012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kikwilu and Mandari 2001 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kikwilu and Mandari 2001 Talc in drugs. PMID:652001 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kiwanuka 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kiwanuka 2004 Effects of indomethacin on plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration, urinary prostaglandin E excretion and blood pressure… PMID:452004 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kutesa 2015 Interference effects in observation of cells. PMID:472015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mafuvadze 2013 [Effects of sodium nitrite on various vitamin concentrations in rat tissues]. PMID:632013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Makhanu 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Makhanu 2009 [Relationship between environmental pollution and genetic monitoring of human populations]. PMID:562009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mashoto 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mashoto 2009 [Effect of insulin on coronary vessel adrenergic and cholinergic reactions]. PMID:672009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Masiga and M'Imunya 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Masiga and M'Imunya 2013 Myelinotoxic activity on tadpole optic nerve of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with optic neuritis. PMID:572013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mohamed Ali 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mohamed Ali 2017 An empirical investigation of the psychosomatogenic family model. PMID:522017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mulu 2014 Studies on the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia. PMID:312014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Muwazi 2005 [Sleep and premature ventricular contraction. (1) Organic heart diseases]. PMID:462005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mwakatobe 2007 Properties of [3H] prostaglandin F2alpha binding to dispersed bovine luteal cells. PMID:622007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mwakayoka 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mwakayoka 2017 Arhabdomeric cells in the retina of the median eyes of the scorpion. PMID:662017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ndagire 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ndagire 2020 Pseudodelirium. PMID:492020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Njoroge 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Njoroge 2010 Effect of dobutamine, a new cardioselective sympathomimetic drug, on myocardial oxygen balance in conscious dogs. PMID:582010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nordstrand 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nordstrand 2019 [Modified portacaval anastomosis in the rat (mPCA). Clinical studies on the pathogenesis of the Eck fistula syndrome]. PMID:612019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Owino 2010 [Localization and specificity of K+-p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity in sheep primitive kidney]. PMID:192010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Rwakatema 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Rwakatema 2015 Complement-dependent cytotoxicity against hepatoma cells mediated by IgM antibodies in serum from tumor-bearing rats. PMID:202015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Rwenyonyi 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Rwenyonyi 2011 Stimulation of blood platelets by extracts of subcutaneous tissue. PMID:442011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Simangwa 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Simangwa 2018 Gallium-67 scintigraphy in untreated and treated non-hodgkin lymphomas. PMID:682018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Simon 2003 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Simon 2003 DSSNY statement: presented to state legislative meeting. PMID:322003 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Svensson 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Svensson 2016 [Pharmacokinetic studies of "Pharmachem" tylosin with healthy and infectious epididymitis-affected rams]. PMID:602016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tagelsir 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tagelsir 2013 [Dento-alveolar injuries of the maxillary incisor region in children and adolescents]. PMID:272013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Teshome 2016 [Tooth abnormalities: shape]. PMID:292016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Teshome 2020 [Artificial gums constructed to cover exposed cervical areas]. PMID:372020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Uwayezu 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Uwayezu 2020 Effects of exposure of murine peritoneal exudate and resident macrophages to high molecular levan: a morphological study. PMID:592020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Walle 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Walle 2014 [Difficulties in differential diagnosis of staphylococcal septicemia in its initial stage as against rheumatic diseases]. PMID:302014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Wondwossen 2004 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Wondwossen 2004 Partial inhibition of postreplication repair and enhanced frequency of chemical transformation in rat cells infected with leukemia virus. PMID:402004 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match).