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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries

current versions
No studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Observed population vs Not applicable
Dental caries prevalence · Preschool children attending Al Ain pediatric dentistry department · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Prevalence 99.41 study · 176 participantsUngraded
Chemotherapy regimen A (+/- locoregional treatment) vs Chemotherapy regimen B (+/- locoregional treatment)
Disease-free survival, chemotherapy regimen A vs regimen B · People receiving curative-intent treatment for oral cavity and oropharyngeal (squamous cell) cancer
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy (2021) · Cochrane
Induction cisplatin+5-FU+docetaxel vs cisplatin+5-FU: disease-free survival HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.91, P = 0.006; Vermorken 2007). Prior to concurrent chemoradiation: Posner 2007 HR 0.71 (0.56 to 0.90, P = 0.005).…2 studiesUngraded
External control of fluoride concentration vs Not applicable
Samples with fluoride concentration outside the acceptable range · Brazilian cities with artificially fluoridated public water supplies · 1995-2013, Sensitivity analysis excluding Silva et al.
External control of fluoridation in the public water supplies of Brazilian cities as a strategy against… (2021)
Prevalence 47.1 [39.6, 54.7]11 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · Individuals with permanent dentition in East Africa · Ethiopia
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021)
MEAN 1.182 [1.135, 1.229]NRUngraded
Induction chemotherapy plus locoregional treatment (radiotherapy and/or surgery) vs Locoregional treatment (radiotherapy and/or surgery) alone
Overall survival, induction cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil + docetaxel prior to concurrent chemoradiation (cisplatin) vs concurrent chemoradiation (cisplatin) · People receiving curative-intent treatment for oral cavity and oropharyngeal (squamous cell) cancer
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy (2021) · Cochrane
HR 1.08 [0.80, 1.44]3 studies · 760 participantsLow
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2095) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.816 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Mean dmft (decayed, missing, filled primary teeth) · Children with primary dentition in East Africa
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021)
MEAN 2.237 [1.293, 3.181]11 studiesUngraded
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Dental caries · Children · Children's age: over 3 years
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67]3 studiesUngraded
High snack consumption vs Low snack consumption
Severe early childhood caries · Children aged 5-6 years in Ajman schools · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
OR 1.80 [1.26, 2.58]1 study · 1036 participantsUngraded
Intervention NR
Dental caries prevalence · Somalia
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021)
Prevalence 0.414 [0.109, 0.719]2 studiesUngraded
Induction chemotherapy plus locoregional treatment (radiotherapy and/or surgery) vs Locoregional treatment (radiotherapy and/or surgery) alone
Locoregional control, induction cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil + docetaxel prior to concurrent chemoradiation vs concurrent chemoradiation · People receiving curative-intent treatment for oral cavity and oropharyngeal (squamous cell) cancer
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy (2021) · Cochrane
RR 0.80 [0.64, 0.99]3 studiesUngraded
Systemic sclerosis (SSc / scleroderma) vs SSc-free individuals (controls)
Probing depth (PD) · Adults (general and hospital populations assessed in case-control studies)
Oral manifestations of patients with systemic sclerosis: a meta-analysis for case-controlled studies. (2021)
SMD 3.101 [1.374, 4.829]7 studiesUngraded
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Reference standard: enhanced visual (non-CBCT)
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.47 [0.29, 0.66]8 studiesUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, E-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 31.40 [14.31, 68.93]5 studiesUngraded
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Sensitivity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Primary/mixed dentition
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.87 [0.80, 0.92]NRUngraded
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Permanent dentition (non-CBCT)
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.44 [0.37, 0.51]NRUngraded
Non-selective carious tissue removal and conventional restoration (CR) vs Selective carious tissue removal (selective excavation, SE)
Failure of therapy · Children and/or adults with permanent or primary teeth, vital (sensitive) pulps, and cavitated or dentine carious… · 12 months, Cavitated but not deep lesions, primary dentition
Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions (2021) · Cochrane
OR 0.62 [0.21, 1.88]2 studies · 204 participantsVery low
Digital bitewing radiography, phosphor plate (PSP) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.60 [0.20, 0.90]1 studyUngraded
Visual classification: ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Specificity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.76 [0.67, 0.83]36 studiesUngraded
Private day care vs Public day care
Dental caries prevalence · Preschool children in Sharjah day cares · Private day cares
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Prevalence 771 study · 435 participantsUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, F-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.88 [0.74, 0.95]8 studiesUngraded
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2190/pen) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.60 [0.15, 0.93]3 studiesUngraded
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Childhood dental caries · Children in cross-sectional studies from Europe · Study region: Europe
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
OR 1.55 [1.45, 1.66]3 studiesUngraded
High snack consumption vs Low snack consumption
Mean DMFT · Children aged 5-6 years in Ajman schools · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
ARR 1.46 [1.26, 1.70]1 study · 1036 participantsUngraded
Direct composite resin restoration vs Amalgam restoration
Harms (toxicity and postoperative sensitivity) · People with permanent or adult posterior teeth requiring restoration (parallel-group trials involved children aged 6… · Follow-up: 2 weeks to 7 years
Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent posterior teeth (2021) · Cochrane
SoF (Harms, follow-up 2 weeks to 7 years): See comments; 3 studies; certainty very low (⊕⊝⊝⊝). Comments: data were reported for physical development, neurological and psychological effects, neurobehavioural and…3 studiesVery low
Systemic sclerosis (SSc / scleroderma) vs SSc-free individuals (controls)
Sites with probing depth >= 4 mm · Adults (general and hospital populations assessed in case-control studies)
Oral manifestations of patients with systemic sclerosis: a meta-analysis for case-controlled studies. (2021)
SMD 2.071 [0.267, 3.875]3 studiesUngraded
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Specificity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Proximal surfaces (CBCT)
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.90 [0.77, 0.96]NRUngraded
Dental imaging (analog or digital radiographs) vs Visual classification
Difference in sensitivity · Children or adults asymptomatic or suspected of enamel caries; extracted teeth · Analysis 1: fully within-person comparison
Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2021)
Difference in sensitivity -0.34 [-0.49, -0.17]19 studies · 2849 participantsUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs CT/TT genotype (recessive model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Mixed dentition caries
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.23 [0.66, 2.29]2 studies · 270 participantsUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography, phosphor plate (PSP) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.83 [0.77, 0.88]1 studyUngraded
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Dentine-caries (D3) prevalence medium 15-34% (non-CBCT)
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.51 [0.40, 0.61]NRUngraded
Near-infrared (NIR) transillumination vs Reference standard: histology, or enhanced visual examination with or without radiographs (also operative excavation, tooth separation, or microcomputed tomography)
Sensitivity for detection of enamel/early caries · Children or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of having enamel caries (clinical/in vivo studies);… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo; in vitro no limit if stored appropriately)
Transillumination and optical coherence tomography for the detection and diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.58 [0.46, 0.68]5 studiesUngraded
Observed population vs Not applicable
Plaque/gingivitis visible in at least one oral region · School children aged 11-17 years in Sharjah · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Prevalence 951 study · 803 participantsUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs CT/TT genotype (recessive model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Deciduous tooth decay
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 0.80 [0.05, 12.89]2 studies · 929 participantsUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs CT/TT genotype (recessive model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Overall
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.38 [1.03, 1.84]7 studies · 2470 participantsUngraded
Observed population vs Not applicable
Severe tooth wear prevalence · School children aged 2.6-6.8 years in Abu Dhabi · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Proportion of examined teeth (severe tooth wear) 0.151 study · 9213 teeth (from 506 children examined) participantsUngraded
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Specificity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), High prevalence of dentine caries (>= 35%)
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.75 [0.66, 0.82]NRUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, F-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 8.7 [4.2, 18.1]3 studiesUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs C allele vs T allele (allele contrast model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Ethnicity: Caucasian
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.16 [0.90, 1.50]2 studies · 538 participantsUngraded
Intervention NR
Water samples with fluoride concentration above the acceptable range
External control of fluoridation in the public water supplies of Brazilian cities as a strategy against… (2021)
Prevalence 6.712 studiesUngraded
COE with blood/salivary (biomarker) analysis vs Reference standard: examination and clinical evaluation by a physician/clinician with specialist knowledge or training (long-term follow-up accepted for those screened negative)
Outcome NR · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance…
Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in… (2021) · Cochrane
There were no eligible studies evaluating blood or salivary sample analysis (which tests for the presence of biomarkers for OPMD and OSCC).0 studiesNo studies
Remote screening of the oral cavity (mobile application/telemedicine) vs Reference standard: examination and clinical evaluation by a physician/clinician with specialist knowledge or training (long-term follow-up accepted for those screened negative)
Specificity for detection of oral cavity cancer/OPMD · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance…
Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in… (2021) · Cochrane
Summary of findings 4 (no pooled analysis): specificity 0.99 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.00), 1.00 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.00), and 0.72 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.80) across the 3 studies. Certainty VERY LOW.3 studies · 3600 participantsVery low
11-16 remaining teeth vs 25-32 remaining teeth
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
RR 2.27 [1.55, 3.32]4 studies · 189120 participantsHigh
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances
Plaque index (PI) · Adults undergoing orthodontic treatment · 6 to 12 weeks, Adults
Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
MD -0.58 [-0.82, -0.34]4 studies · 202 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Dental caries prevalence · General population (children and adults) in East Africa · Permanent dentition (>=12 years)
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021)
Prevalence 0.502 [0.384, 0.621]NRUngraded
Preterm birth (oral health / enamel defects) vs Full-term children
Caries (DMFT) and enamel defects · Preterm children (about 8 years old) in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai)
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Alshehhi et al. (Dubai) reported a significantly higher mean DMFT (1.00 vs 0.38) and a 4-times higher prevalence of enamel defects (58.15% vs 24.2%; OR 4.33, 95% CI 2.01-9.36) in preterm vs full-term children, highest…1 studyUngraded
Electrical conductance devices (electronic caries monitor (ECM) and/or CarieScan Pro), used as an adjunct to clinical oral examination vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs)
Sensitivity · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Permanent dentition
Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane
Permanent dentition (4 studies): sensitivity ranged from 0.55 to 0.65.4 studiesUngraded
Private day care vs Public day care
Mean dmft · Preschool children in Sharjah day cares · Private day-care residents
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
MEAN 8.11 study · 435 participantsUngraded
Remote screening of the oral cavity (mobile application/telemedicine) vs Reference standard: examination and clinical evaluation by a physician/clinician with specialist knowledge or training (long-term follow-up accepted for those screened negative)
Sensitivity for detection of oral cavity cancer/OPMD · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance…
Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in… (2021) · Cochrane
Summary of findings 4 (no pooled analysis): sensitivity 0.85 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.88), 0.82 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.96), and 0.94 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.00) across the 3 studies. Prevalence 12.2% to 30.9%. Certainty VERY LOW.3 studies · 3600 participantsVery low
Conventional bitewing radiography, D-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.99 [0.96, 0.999]1 studyUngraded