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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries

current versions
No studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Overweight vs Normal weight (eutrophic)
Untreated dental caries (d component), continuous · Brazilian children/adolescents (BMI classified by WHO 2007 Z-score)
Overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review and… (2024)
MD 0.03 [-0.24, 0.30]2 studies · 515 participantsLow
Advice about a healthy diet (including breastfeeding promotion and sugar avoidance) and feeding practices (e.g. relating to bottle-feeding and sleep) for infants and young children vs Standard care
Child oral health behaviours · For interventions, pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes,…
Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane
Two trials (Feldens 2007; Watt 2009) reported infant/child oral health behaviours; not suitable for meta-analysis. Both observed some evidence of benefit favouring the intervention.2 studiesUngraded
Not applicable (single-group prevalence) vs Not applicable (single-group prevalence)
Early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence (%, dmft>0) · Children younger than 71 months (under 6 years) · Life expectancy: highest (>80 years)
A systematic review and meta-analysis on early-childhood-caries global data. (2024)
Prevalence 28NRUngraded
Advice about a healthy diet (including breastfeeding promotion and sugar avoidance) and feeding practices (e.g. relating to bottle-feeding and sleep) for infants and young children vs Standard care
Adverse events for mother or child · For interventions, pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes,…
Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane
One trial only (Feldens 2007) provided information on adverse events and reported no events.1 studyUngraded
Extraction of the mandibular permanent first molar vs None (single-group prevalence)
Rotation of the mandibular second permanent molar · Children and adolescents after extraction of a mandibular permanent first molar (before eruption of the second molar) · Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years), Mandible
Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a… (2024)
Prevalence 76.9 [15.5, 98.4]2 studies · 108 participantsUngraded
Not applicable (single-group prevalence) vs Not applicable (single-group prevalence)
Early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence (%, dmft>0) · Children younger than 71 months (under 6 years) · GNI $5000-$9999
A systematic review and meta-analysis on early-childhood-caries global data. (2024)
Prevalence 53 [41, 65]14 studiesUngraded
Prophylaxis (teeth cleaning) and CHX or iodine-NaF solution application in the dentition of women (mothers) vs Placebo
Caries presence in primary teeth · For interventions, pregnant women and mothers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6… · Children assessed at 2-3 yrs
Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.97 [0.80, 1.19]3 studies · 479 participantsVery low
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) vs Calcium hydroxide (CH)
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Mature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis and carious pulp exposure (treated with full pulpotomy) · >=12 months
Efficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis… (2024)
OR 1.67 [0.59, 4.72]2 studies · 70 participantsUngraded
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Chlorhexidine varnish
Aesthetics · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions)
Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane
No studies reported data for this outcome in this comparison0 studiesNo studies
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery
Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Sample size: ≥300
RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024)
OR 1.05 [0.86, 1.28]11 studiesUngraded
Package of oral health education/promotion including oral hygiene advice for pregnant women, mothers, infants and young children, plus dietary and feeding practice advice for infants and young children vs Standard care
dmft index score · For interventions, pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes,… · Children assessed at 6 yrs
Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane
MD -0.30 [-0.96, 0.36]1 study · 187 participantsLow
Probiotics (any strain, dose, or presentation), minimum intake duration 0.2 months vs No treatment or placebo (control)
Streptococcus mutans count (CFU/mL) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease · follow-up: mean 4.4 months, Overall (all presentations pooled)
Efficacy of Probiotic Consumption on Oral Outcomes in Children and/or Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. (2024)
MD -0.40 [-0.57, -0.24]11 studies · 1321 participantsModerate
Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)
Bacterial growth inhibition (MIC/MBC) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024)
GSE inhibited S. mutans growth across ~0.5-250 mg/mL (Abstract): inhibition at 250-500 mg/mL (Swadas), 4 mg/mL (Zhao), MIC 1000 ug/mL and MBC 4000 ug/mL (Furiga), MIC 0.5 mg/mL (Smullen), and MIC 19.07 mg/mL for…5 studiesUngraded
T allele vs C allele
Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Allelic model (T vs C), Primary dentition
Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024)
OR 1.45 [0.96, 2.18]NRUngraded
Second molar at Demirjian stage E at extraction vs Second molar at Demirjian stage F-H at extraction
Spontaneous space closure · Children and adolescents after extraction of a mandibular permanent first molar (before eruption of the second molar) · Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years), Mandible
Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a… (2024)
OR 3.81 [1.85, 7.83]3 studies · 94 participantsLow
rs10974056 effect allele A (intron variant in GLIS3, chr9:3,889,264) vs Non-effect allele C
Dental caries (meta of mixed phenotypes: present-study self-report + GLIDE clinical DMFS + UKB self-report/dentures) · Adults from Japanese and European cohorts (present-study Japanese direct-to-consumer cohort + GLIDE consortium and UK… · Lifelong (germline genotype), Meta-analysis: present study + GLIDE + UKB
Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies two novel loci associated with dental caries. (2024)
Z-score (meta) -5.4943 studies · 533348 participantsUngraded
Presence of oral Candida albicans vs Absence of oral Candida albicans
Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged ≤6 years (early childhood) · Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years, Study design: cross-sectional
RETRACTED: Investigating the association between Candida albicans and early childhood dental caries: A… (2024)
OR 4.30 [2.92, 6.33]20 studies · 2593 participantsUngraded
Dental crowding present vs Dental spacing present
Spontaneous space closure · Children and adolescents (<18 years) after extraction of a permanent first molar before eruption of the permanent… · Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years), Overall
Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a… (2024)
OR 5.9 [1.3, 27.7]1 studyUngraded
T allele vs C allele
Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Allelic model (T vs C), Real-time quantitative PCR genotyping
Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024)
OR 1.24 [0.96, 1.60]NRUngraded
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Chlorhexidine varnish
Dental pain or sensitivity · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions)
Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane
No studies reported data for this outcome in this comparison0 studiesNo studies
Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 12 months (earlier start) vs Started after 12 months (later start)
Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years · Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children (2024) · Cochrane
OR 1.22 [0.98, 1.52]7 studies · 4329 participantsVery low
Children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) vs Caries-free children
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level · Preschool children ≤6 years
The Association Between Vitamin D and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024)
MD -18.64 [-20.06, -17.22]7 studies · 1658 participantsUngraded
Institutionalization (living in an orphanage/institution) vs Parented children living with their families
Dental caries prevalence (DMF/dmf score > 0) · Institutionalized orphan children (roughly 3 to 18 years) · Overall (pooled)
Caries in orphan children: prevalence and determinants-a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2024)
RR 1.19 [0.89, 1.59]4 studies · 1420 participantsVery low
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) with glass ionomer cement (GIC) or glass ionomer material
Caries arrest · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) · Permanent dentition
Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane
No studies reported this outcome in this dentition type0 studiesNo studies
Probiotics (any strain, dose, or presentation), minimum intake duration 0.2 months vs No treatment or placebo (control)
Gingival bleeding index · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease · 1.5 months, Single study (Borrell 2021); not pooled
Efficacy of Probiotic Consumption on Oral Outcomes in Children and/or Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. (2024)
MD 0.10 [0.02, 0.18]1 study · 27 participantsUngraded
Moderate-severe active dental caries (exposure) vs Caries-free or mild dental caries (control)
Salivary TNF-α level (pg/mL) · Children and young adults (3-25 years)
Activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in saliva of children and young adults with dental caries: a… (2024)
SMD 14.81 [4.76, 24.86]7 studies · 348 participantsUngraded
Serum 25(OH)D 50–75 nmol/l vs Serum 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/l
Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children ≤6 years, North America · North America
The Association Between Vitamin D and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024)
OR 2.09 [1.55, 2.82]3 studies · 750 participantsUngraded
Breastfeeding <12 months vs Breastfeeding ≥12 months
Dental caries (ECC) · Preschool children under 6 years of age · First dental examination before age 6 years, Cohort studies; sensitivity analysis excluding studies 35, 42, and 48
Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024)
RR 0.70 [0.62, 0.80]5 studiesUngraded
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) vs Calcium-enriched mixture (CEM)
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure · >=12 months
Efficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis… (2024)
OR 0.78 [0.46, 1.34]4 studies · 611 participantsUngraded
Cranberry extract or cranberry flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents
Bacterial adhesion or initial colonization · Streptococcus mutans cultures and biofilms
Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024)
no estimate extracted3 studiesUngraded
Obesity vs Normal weight (eutrophic)
Dental caries experience (DMFT), continuous · Brazilian children/adolescents in permanent dentition (BMI classified by CDC 2000 growth charts)
Overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review and… (2024)
MD 0.61 [0.08, 1.15]2 studies · 659 participantsVery low
Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)
Bacterial adhesion (inhibition) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024)
Cranberry formulations adhered to and prevented biofilm on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (Greene); reduced adhesion via inhibited glucan synthesis (Feng); reduced initial S. mutans colonization 40-60% through reduced…3 studiesUngraded
Periodontitis vs No periodontitis
High salivary S. mutans (over 10^4 CFU/ml) · Adults · Overall
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2024)
OR 0.82 [0.44, 1.51]2 studiesUngraded
Consumption of xylitol chewing gum by women (mothers) vs Consumption of CHX/xylitol gum by women, or CHX varnish applied to women's dentition
dmft index score · For interventions, pregnant women and mothers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6… · Children assessed at 5 yrs
Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane
MD -2.39 [-4.10, -0.68]1 study · 113 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Mature teeth, full pulpotomy, irreversible pulpitis
Efficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis… (2024)
Proportion 0.817 [0.702, 0.909]8 studiesUngraded
Slum setting vs Non-slum urban setting
Oral health practices · Adults in LMIC urban and slum settings
Systematic review of oral health in slums and non-slum urban settings of Low and Middle-Income Countries… (2024)
no estimate extracted11 studiesUngraded
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery
Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study design: Cohort
RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024)
OR 1.15 [0.90, 1.46]9 studiesUngraded
Periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing), post-treatment vs Pre-treatment
High-level S. mutans (over 10^4 CFU/ml) · Periodontitis patients · Post-treatment, Overall
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2024)
OR 1.54 [0.47, 5.02]3 studiesUngraded
Fluoride toothpaste 440 ppm (lower concentration) vs Fluoride toothpaste 1450 ppm (higher concentration)
Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years · Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.72 [0.58, 0.89]1 study · 1009 participantsModerate
TT+CC (homozygous) genotypes vs TC (heterozygous) genotype
Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Over-dominant model (TT+CC vs TC), Permanent dentition
Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024)
OR 1.48 [1.07, 2.03]NRUngraded
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Sealants or resin infiltration
Dental pain or sensitivity · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions)
Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane
No studies reported data for this outcome0 studiesNo studies
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Fluoride varnish
Primary caries prevention · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) · 24 months, Permanent dentition (coronal)
Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane
OR 0.95 [0.44, 2.05]1 study · 237 participantsVery low
TT genotype vs TC+CC genotypes
Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Recessive model (TT vs TC+CC), Real-time quantitative PCR genotyping
Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024)
OR 0.83 [0.54, 1.29]NRUngraded
Prophylaxis (teeth cleaning) and CHX or iodine-NaF solution application in the dentition of women (mothers) vs Placebo
Child microbiological presence (mutans streptococci acquisition) · For interventions, pregnant women and mothers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6…
Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane
Narrative (Dasanayake 1993; Dasanayake 2002): crude incidence of MS acquisition 36% greater in treatment children (not significant after adjustment); no significant difference in detectable S. mutans or mean time to…2 studiesUngraded
Serum 25(OH)D 50–75 nmol/l vs Serum 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/l
Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children ≤6 years, Asia and Europe · Asia and Europe
The Association Between Vitamin D and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024)
OR 1.32 [1.17, 1.50]3 studies · 4996 participantsUngraded
Overweight/obesity (combined) vs Normal weight (eutrophic)
Dental caries prevalence (any DMFT), dichotomous · Brazilian children/adolescents (BMI classified by WHO 2007 percentile)
Overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review and… (2024)
OR 0.83 [0.35, 1.94]2 studies · 355 participantsVery low
Presence of oral Candida albicans vs Absence of oral Candida albicans
Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged ≤6 years (early childhood) · Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years, Study quality (NOS): moderate
RETRACTED: Investigating the association between Candida albicans and early childhood dental caries: A… (2024)
OR 3.84 [2.24, 6.57]11 studiesUngraded
TT genotype vs TC+CC genotypes
Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Recessive model (TT vs TC+CC)
Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024)
OR 1.21 [0.93, 1.56]5 studies · 1586 participantsUngraded
Disability (developmental, intellectual, or sensory) vs NA (single-group prevalence; no non-disabled comparison reported)
Moderate gingival inflammation / gingival health · Persons with disabilities (children and adults with autism, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, or… · Cross-sectional
Disabilities and Disparities in Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis… (2024)
Narrative synthesis (no pooled estimate). Moderate-to-severe gingival inflammation up to about 60% among PWDs (abstract). Alkahtani 2019 (hearing-impaired adults, single-arm): 60.1% had moderate gingival inflammation…NRUngraded
Higher BMI (continuous / per-unit increment) vs Lower BMI (continuous reference / per 1 kg/m2 decrement)
Dental caries in children · Children (approx. 4-18 years) · Linear dose-response (GLST, per 1 kg/m2 BMI increment)
Childhood obesity in relation to risk of dental caries: a cumulative and dose-response systematic review and… (2024)
OR 1.01 [1.00, 1.03]16 studiesUngraded