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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries
current versionsNo studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Overweight vs Normal weight (eutrophic) Untreated dental caries (d component), continuous · Brazilian children/adolescents (BMI classified by WHO 2007 Z-score) Overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review and… (2024) | MD 0.03 [-0.24, 0.30] | 2 studies · 515 participants | Low |
Advice about a healthy diet (including breastfeeding promotion and sugar avoidance) and feeding practices (e.g. relating to bottle-feeding and sleep) for infants and young children vs Standard care Child oral health behaviours · For interventions, pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes,… Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane | Two trials (Feldens 2007; Watt 2009) reported infant/child oral health behaviours; not suitable for meta-analysis. Both observed some evidence of benefit favouring the intervention. | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Not applicable (single-group prevalence) vs Not applicable (single-group prevalence) Early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence (%, dmft>0) · Children younger than 71 months (under 6 years) · Life expectancy: highest (>80 years) A systematic review and meta-analysis on early-childhood-caries global data. (2024) | Prevalence 28 | NR | Ungraded |
Advice about a healthy diet (including breastfeeding promotion and sugar avoidance) and feeding practices (e.g. relating to bottle-feeding and sleep) for infants and young children vs Standard care Adverse events for mother or child · For interventions, pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes,… Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane | One trial only (Feldens 2007) provided information on adverse events and reported no events. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Extraction of the mandibular permanent first molar vs None (single-group prevalence) Rotation of the mandibular second permanent molar · Children and adolescents after extraction of a mandibular permanent first molar (before eruption of the second molar) · Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years), Mandible Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a… (2024) | Prevalence 76.9 [15.5, 98.4] | 2 studies · 108 participants | Ungraded |
Not applicable (single-group prevalence) vs Not applicable (single-group prevalence) Early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence (%, dmft>0) · Children younger than 71 months (under 6 years) · GNI $5000-$9999 A systematic review and meta-analysis on early-childhood-caries global data. (2024) | Prevalence 53 [41, 65] | 14 studies | Ungraded |
Prophylaxis (teeth cleaning) and CHX or iodine-NaF solution application in the dentition of women (mothers) vs Placebo Caries presence in primary teeth · For interventions, pregnant women and mothers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6… · Children assessed at 2-3 yrs Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.80, 1.19] | 3 studies · 479 participants | Very low |
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) vs Calcium hydroxide (CH) Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Mature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis and carious pulp exposure (treated with full pulpotomy) · >=12 months Efficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis… (2024) | OR 1.67 [0.59, 4.72] | 2 studies · 70 participants | Ungraded |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Chlorhexidine varnish Aesthetics · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane | No studies reported data for this outcome in this comparison | 0 studies | No studies |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Sample size: ≥300 RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.05 [0.86, 1.28] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Package of oral health education/promotion including oral hygiene advice for pregnant women, mothers, infants and young children, plus dietary and feeding practice advice for infants and young children vs Standard care dmft index score · For interventions, pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes,… · Children assessed at 6 yrs Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.30 [-0.96, 0.36] | 1 study · 187 participants | Low |
Probiotics (any strain, dose, or presentation), minimum intake duration 0.2 months vs No treatment or placebo (control) Streptococcus mutans count (CFU/mL) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease · follow-up: mean 4.4 months, Overall (all presentations pooled) Efficacy of Probiotic Consumption on Oral Outcomes in Children and/or Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. (2024) | MD -0.40 [-0.57, -0.24] | 11 studies · 1321 participants | Moderate |
Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) Bacterial growth inhibition (MIC/MBC) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | GSE inhibited S. mutans growth across ~0.5-250 mg/mL (Abstract): inhibition at 250-500 mg/mL (Swadas), 4 mg/mL (Zhao), MIC 1000 ug/mL and MBC 4000 ug/mL (Furiga), MIC 0.5 mg/mL (Smullen), and MIC 19.07 mg/mL for… | 5 studies | Ungraded |
T allele vs C allele Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Allelic model (T vs C), Primary dentition Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.45 [0.96, 2.18] | NR | Ungraded |
Second molar at Demirjian stage E at extraction vs Second molar at Demirjian stage F-H at extraction Spontaneous space closure · Children and adolescents after extraction of a mandibular permanent first molar (before eruption of the second molar) · Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years), Mandible Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a… (2024) | OR 3.81 [1.85, 7.83] | 3 studies · 94 participants | Low |
rs10974056 effect allele A (intron variant in GLIS3, chr9:3,889,264) vs Non-effect allele C Dental caries (meta of mixed phenotypes: present-study self-report + GLIDE clinical DMFS + UKB self-report/dentures) · Adults from Japanese and European cohorts (present-study Japanese direct-to-consumer cohort + GLIDE consortium and UK… · Lifelong (germline genotype), Meta-analysis: present study + GLIDE + UKB Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies two novel loci associated with dental caries. (2024) | Z-score (meta) -5.494 | 3 studies · 533348 participants | Ungraded |
Presence of oral Candida albicans vs Absence of oral Candida albicans Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged ≤6 years (early childhood) · Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years, Study design: cross-sectional RETRACTED: Investigating the association between Candida albicans and early childhood dental caries: A… (2024) | OR 4.30 [2.92, 6.33] | 20 studies · 2593 participants | Ungraded |
Dental crowding present vs Dental spacing present Spontaneous space closure · Children and adolescents (<18 years) after extraction of a permanent first molar before eruption of the permanent… · Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years), Overall Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a… (2024) | OR 5.9 [1.3, 27.7] | 1 study | Ungraded |
T allele vs C allele Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Allelic model (T vs C), Real-time quantitative PCR genotyping Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.24 [0.96, 1.60] | NR | Ungraded |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Chlorhexidine varnish Dental pain or sensitivity · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane | No studies reported data for this outcome in this comparison | 0 studies | No studies |
Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 12 months (earlier start) vs Started after 12 months (later start) Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years · Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years) Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.22 [0.98, 1.52] | 7 studies · 4329 participants | Very low |
Children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) vs Caries-free children Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level · Preschool children ≤6 years The Association Between Vitamin D and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024) | MD -18.64 [-20.06, -17.22] | 7 studies · 1658 participants | Ungraded |
Institutionalization (living in an orphanage/institution) vs Parented children living with their families Dental caries prevalence (DMF/dmf score > 0) · Institutionalized orphan children (roughly 3 to 18 years) · Overall (pooled) Caries in orphan children: prevalence and determinants-a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2024) | RR 1.19 [0.89, 1.59] | 4 studies · 1420 participants | Very low |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) with glass ionomer cement (GIC) or glass ionomer material Caries arrest · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) · Permanent dentition Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane | No studies reported this outcome in this dentition type | 0 studies | No studies |
Probiotics (any strain, dose, or presentation), minimum intake duration 0.2 months vs No treatment or placebo (control) Gingival bleeding index · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease · 1.5 months, Single study (Borrell 2021); not pooled Efficacy of Probiotic Consumption on Oral Outcomes in Children and/or Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. (2024) | MD 0.10 [0.02, 0.18] | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Moderate-severe active dental caries (exposure) vs Caries-free or mild dental caries (control) Salivary TNF-α level (pg/mL) · Children and young adults (3-25 years) Activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in saliva of children and young adults with dental caries: a… (2024) | SMD 14.81 [4.76, 24.86] | 7 studies · 348 participants | Ungraded |
Serum 25(OH)D 50–75 nmol/l vs Serum 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/l Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children ≤6 years, North America · North America The Association Between Vitamin D and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024) | OR 2.09 [1.55, 2.82] | 3 studies · 750 participants | Ungraded |
Breastfeeding <12 months vs Breastfeeding ≥12 months Dental caries (ECC) · Preschool children under 6 years of age · First dental examination before age 6 years, Cohort studies; sensitivity analysis excluding studies 35, 42, and 48 Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024) | RR 0.70 [0.62, 0.80] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) vs Calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure · >=12 months Efficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis… (2024) | OR 0.78 [0.46, 1.34] | 4 studies · 611 participants | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract or cranberry flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents Bacterial adhesion or initial colonization · Streptococcus mutans cultures and biofilms Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Obesity vs Normal weight (eutrophic) Dental caries experience (DMFT), continuous · Brazilian children/adolescents in permanent dentition (BMI classified by CDC 2000 growth charts) Overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review and… (2024) | MD 0.61 [0.08, 1.15] | 2 studies · 659 participants | Very low |
Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) Bacterial adhesion (inhibition) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | Cranberry formulations adhered to and prevented biofilm on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (Greene); reduced adhesion via inhibited glucan synthesis (Feng); reduced initial S. mutans colonization 40-60% through reduced… | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Periodontitis vs No periodontitis High salivary S. mutans (over 10^4 CFU/ml) · Adults · Overall Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2024) | OR 0.82 [0.44, 1.51] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Consumption of xylitol chewing gum by women (mothers) vs Consumption of CHX/xylitol gum by women, or CHX varnish applied to women's dentition dmft index score · For interventions, pregnant women and mothers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6… · Children assessed at 5 yrs Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane | MD -2.39 [-4.10, -0.68] | 1 study · 113 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Mature teeth, full pulpotomy, irreversible pulpitis Efficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis… (2024) | Proportion 0.817 [0.702, 0.909] | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Slum setting vs Non-slum urban setting Oral health practices · Adults in LMIC urban and slum settings Systematic review of oral health in slums and non-slum urban settings of Low and Middle-Income Countries… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study design: Cohort RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.15 [0.90, 1.46] | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing), post-treatment vs Pre-treatment High-level S. mutans (over 10^4 CFU/ml) · Periodontitis patients · Post-treatment, Overall Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2024) | OR 1.54 [0.47, 5.02] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Fluoride toothpaste 440 ppm (lower concentration) vs Fluoride toothpaste 1450 ppm (higher concentration) Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years · Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years) Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.58, 0.89] | 1 study · 1009 participants | Moderate |
TT+CC (homozygous) genotypes vs TC (heterozygous) genotype Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Over-dominant model (TT+CC vs TC), Permanent dentition Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.48 [1.07, 2.03] | NR | Ungraded |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Sealants or resin infiltration Dental pain or sensitivity · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane | No studies reported data for this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Fluoride varnish Primary caries prevention · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) · 24 months, Permanent dentition (coronal) Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.44, 2.05] | 1 study · 237 participants | Very low |
TT genotype vs TC+CC genotypes Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Recessive model (TT vs TC+CC), Real-time quantitative PCR genotyping Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 0.83 [0.54, 1.29] | NR | Ungraded |
Prophylaxis (teeth cleaning) and CHX or iodine-NaF solution application in the dentition of women (mothers) vs Placebo Child microbiological presence (mutans streptococci acquisition) · For interventions, pregnant women and mothers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6… Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane | Narrative (Dasanayake 1993; Dasanayake 2002): crude incidence of MS acquisition 36% greater in treatment children (not significant after adjustment); no significant difference in detectable S. mutans or mean time to… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Serum 25(OH)D 50–75 nmol/l vs Serum 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/l Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children ≤6 years, Asia and Europe · Asia and Europe The Association Between Vitamin D and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024) | OR 1.32 [1.17, 1.50] | 3 studies · 4996 participants | Ungraded |
Overweight/obesity (combined) vs Normal weight (eutrophic) Dental caries prevalence (any DMFT), dichotomous · Brazilian children/adolescents (BMI classified by WHO 2007 percentile) Overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 0.83 [0.35, 1.94] | 2 studies · 355 participants | Very low |
Presence of oral Candida albicans vs Absence of oral Candida albicans Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged ≤6 years (early childhood) · Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years, Study quality (NOS): moderate RETRACTED: Investigating the association between Candida albicans and early childhood dental caries: A… (2024) | OR 3.84 [2.24, 6.57] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
TT genotype vs TC+CC genotypes Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Recessive model (TT vs TC+CC) Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.21 [0.93, 1.56] | 5 studies · 1586 participants | Ungraded |
Disability (developmental, intellectual, or sensory) vs NA (single-group prevalence; no non-disabled comparison reported) Moderate gingival inflammation / gingival health · Persons with disabilities (children and adults with autism, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, or… · Cross-sectional Disabilities and Disparities in Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis… (2024) | Narrative synthesis (no pooled estimate). Moderate-to-severe gingival inflammation up to about 60% among PWDs (abstract). Alkahtani 2019 (hearing-impaired adults, single-arm): 60.1% had moderate gingival inflammation… | NR | Ungraded |
Higher BMI (continuous / per-unit increment) vs Lower BMI (continuous reference / per 1 kg/m2 decrement) Dental caries in children · Children (approx. 4-18 years) · Linear dose-response (GLST, per 1 kg/m2 BMI increment) Childhood obesity in relation to risk of dental caries: a cumulative and dose-response systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.01 [1.00, 1.03] | 16 studies | Ungraded |