Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM39325830
RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.
Xiang Li, Kozlitina Iuliia A, Mohammadian Mahdi, et al. · PloS one · 2024 · PubMed · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310405
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
19
current version
GRADE rated
0
No studies
0
Included studies
33
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 19 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Human children under 6 years (various demographics) | Children <6 years; 71,732 participants (n=24 studies) |
| Intervention | Mode of delivery: cesarean section (exposure) | Cesarean section delivery |
| Comparison | Vaginal birth | Vaginal delivery |
| Outcomes | Incidence or prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) | Early childhood caries (ECC); pooled OR 1.05 (95% CI 0.86-1.30) (n=24) |
| Study designs | Case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort (retrospective/prospective) studies reporting quantitative effect sizes (OR/HR/RR) with 95% CI; original peer-reviewed full-text articles | 24 studies: 11 cross-sectional (2,868), 9 cohort (67,844), 4 case-control (1,020) |
| Timing | Not specified (children under 6 years) | Studies published 1997-2024; child average age 8-72 months |
Search date: Up to 2024-05-01. Databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus
Questions and results
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery
Population: Children aged <6 years
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study location: America/Canada/Brazil No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among America/Canada/Brazil studies (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.70-1.76). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.11 [0.70, 1.76] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study location: Asia No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among Asian studies (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.65-1.33). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 0.93 [0.65, 1.33] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study quality (NOS): Moderate No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among moderate-quality (NOS) studies (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.75-1.61). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.10 [0.75, 1.61] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Sample size: <300 No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among studies with sample size <300 (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.64-1.86). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.09 [0.64, 1.86] | 13 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Average age: >3 years Population: Children with average age >3 years No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among children with average age >3 years (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.89-1.71). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.24 [0.89, 1.71] | 14 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Average age: ≤3 years Population: Children with average age ≤3 years No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among children with average age ≤3 years (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.67-1.10). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 0.86 [0.67, 1.10] | 10 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study quality (NOS): Low No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among low-quality (NOS) studies (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.39-2.33). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 0.95 [0.39, 2.33] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study design: Case-control No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among case-control studies (OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.76-2.59). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.40 [0.76, 2.59] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study location: Europe No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among European studies (OR 1.48, 95% CI 0.83-2.63). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.48 [0.83, 2.63] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study location: Africa No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among African studies (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.27-1.97). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 0.73 [0.27, 1.97] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Time period: 2017 and before No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among studies published 2017 and before (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.80-1.52). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.10 [0.80, 1.52] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study design: Cross-sectional No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among cross-sectional studies (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.54-1.38). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 0.86 [0.54, 1.38] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Confounder adjustment: No No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among unadjusted (crude) estimates (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.66-1.47). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 0.98 [0.66, 1.47] | 15 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Time period: After 2018 No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among studies published after 2018 (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.75-1.35). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.01 [0.75, 1.35] | 13 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Sample size: ≥300 No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among studies with sample size ≥300 (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.28). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.05 [0.86, 1.28] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study design: Cohort No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among cohort studies (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.90-1.46). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.15 [0.90, 1.46] | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Overall (all 24 studies; random-effects) There is no significant association between mode of childbirth delivery (cesarean vs vaginal) and early childhood caries (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.30; ungraded observational evidence from 24 studies). Source: Fig 2 (forest plot); Results 'Association between mode of delivery and ECC'; Abstract · same question in other reviews | OR 1.05 [0.86, 1.30] | 24 studies · 71732 participants | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Confounder adjustment: Yes No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among confounder-adjusted estimates (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.89-1.37). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.11 [0.89, 1.37] | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Study quality (NOS): Good No significant association between cesarean vs vaginal delivery and ECC among good-quality (NOS) studies (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.82-1.14). Source: Table 5 (Subgroup analysis of the association between the mode of delivery and ECC) · same question in other reviews | OR 0.97 [0.82, 1.14] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Included primary studies 33
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sridevi T 2018 Factors associated with early childhood caries among 3 to 6 year old children in India: A case control study DOI:10.3233/npm-181723 | 2 other reviews | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Zhou Y 2011 Risk indicators for early childhood caries in 2‐year‐old children in southern China DOI:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01280.x | 2 other reviews | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Boustedt K 2018 Influence of mode of delivery, family and nursing determinants on early childhood caries development: a prospective cohort study DOI:10.1080/00016357.2018.1490965 | 1 other review | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Brandquist E 2017 Caesarean Section Does Not Increase the Risk of Caries in Swedish Children. PMID:30009265 | 1 other review | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| García-Castro LS 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nakai Y 2016 Antenatal Health Care and Postnatal Dental Check-Ups Prevent Early Childhood Caries DOI:10.1620/tjem.240.303 | 1 other review | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Pattanaporn K 2013 Mode of delivery, mutans streptococci colonization, and early childhood caries in three- to five-year-old Thai children. PMID:23106389 | 1 other review | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Peretz 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Wu TT 2022 Multimodal Data Integration Reveals Mode of Delivery and Snack Consumption Outrank Salivary Microbiome in Association With Caries Outcome… PMID:35677657 | 1 other review | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Adugna A 2024 Dental caries and associated factors among preschool children in Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. PMID:38355213 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Al-Haj Ali SN 2021 Risk Factors of Early Childhood Caries Among Preschool Children in Eastern Saudi Arabia. PMID:33861673 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bastawy 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bastawy A 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Divya 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Divya MS 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Eşian 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Esian D 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Fontana M 2011 Identification of caries risk factors in toddlers. PMID:21173434 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ge X 2023 Caesarean-section delivery and caries risk of 3-year-old Chinese children: a retrospective cohort study. PMID:37291538 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Korolenkova 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Korolenkova M 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ladeira 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ladeira LLC 2021 Caesarean delivery and early childhood caries: Estimation with marginal structural models in Brazilian pre‐schoolers DOI:10.1111/cdoe.12634 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Li Y 2005 Mode of Delivery and Other Maternal Factors Influence the Acquisition of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> in Infants DOI:10.1177/154405910508400905 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Martins 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Martins LGT 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Peretz B 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Poureslami H 2013 Comparison of Occurrence of Early Childhood Caries in Two Groups of Children Delivered by Cesarean Section and Normal Birth: A… DOI:10.17795/compreped-3803 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Raj DS 2018 Identification of ribosome-ligand interactions using cleavage reagents. PMID:8722018 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Toomarian 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Toomarian L 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Yepes 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Yepes JF 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match).