Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM33973156
Is the mode of childbirth delivery linked to the prevalence of early childhood caries? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Boustedt K, Dahlgren J, Roswall J, et al. · European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2021 · PubMed · doi:10.1007/s40368-021-00621-6
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
1
current version
GRADE rated
1
No studies
0
Included studies
12
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 100%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Toddlers and preschool children, 2 to 6 years of age (primary dentition up to 6 years) | 11 studies, 58,682 children (10,994 C-section; 47,688 vaginal); ages 8 months to 6 years; Europe (n=4), Asia (n=5), South America (n=1), Israel (n=1) |
| Intervention | Delivery through caesarean section (C-section) [exposure] | Caesarean section (n=10,994) |
| Comparison | Vaginal delivery | Vaginal delivery (n=47,688) |
| Outcomes | Prevalence of early childhood caries in the primary dentition up to 6 years of age (deft > 0 and/or non-cavitated enamel lesions) | Pooled OR 1.48 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.05) for early childhood caries with C-section vs vaginal; I2 = 86%; median prevalence 56.4% (C-section) vs 45.9% (vaginal), p < 0.05 |
| Study designs | Not specified (peer-reviewed studies published in English; convenience samples, case series and case reports excluded) | Community/population-based; 6 cross-sectional, 2 register-based, 2 case-control, 1 prospective birth cohort |
| Timing | Caries prevalence up to 6 years of age | Caries scored at 8 months to 6 years of age |
Search date: 2020-09-15. Databases: PubMed; Google Scholar; Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (ClinicalTrials.gov searched for ongoing studies; reference lists of identified studies hand-searched)
Questions and results
Caesarean section (C-section) delivery vs Vaginal delivery
Population: Toddlers and preschool children, 2 to 6 years of age (primary dentition)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) Caries assessed at 8 months to 6 years of age Caesarean section delivery may be associated with a modestly higher prevalence of early childhood caries than vaginal delivery (pooled OR 1.48), but the evidence is inconsistent and of very low certainty. Source: Fig. 2 (forest plot); Results (Early childhood caries); Quality assessment (GRADE certainty rating very low); Abstract and Discussion… · same question in other reviews | OR 1.48 [1.07, 2.05] | 11 studies · 58682 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency |
Included primary studies 12
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sridevi 2018 Factors associated with early childhood caries among 3 to 6 year old children in India: A case control study DOI:10.3233/npm-181723 | 2 other reviews | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Zhou 2011 Risk indicators for early childhood caries in 2‐year‐old children in southern China DOI:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01280.x | 2 other reviews | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Boustedt 2018 Influence of mode of delivery, family and nursing determinants on early childhood caries development: a prospective cohort study DOI:10.1080/00016357.2018.1490965 | 1 other review | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Brandquist 2017 Caesarean Section Does Not Increase the Risk of Caries in Swedish Children. PMID:30009265 | 1 other review | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| García-Castro, 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nakai 2016 Antenatal Health Care and Postnatal Dental Check-Ups Prevent Early Childhood Caries DOI:10.1620/tjem.240.303 | 1 other review | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Pattanaporn 2013 Mode of delivery, mutans streptococci colonization, and early childhood caries in three- to five-year-old Thai children. PMID:23106389 | 1 other review | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Peretz 1997 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Barfod 2012 Caries prevalence in Danish pre-school children delivered vaginally and by caesarean section DOI:10.3109/00016357.2011.610816 | this review only | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Garcia-Castro 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Korolenkova 2020 Perinatal risk factors of the early childhood caries DOI:10.17116/stomat20209904147 | this review only | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Shanthosh Raj 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Prevalence of early childhood caries (primary dentition) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match).