Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM39680595
RETRACTED: Investigating the association between Candida albicans and early childhood dental caries: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.
Khachatryan Lusine G, Allahbakhsi Fatemeh, Vadiyan Diana E, et al. · PloS one · 2024 · PubMed · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315086
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
16
current version
GRADE rated
0
No studies
0
Included studies
24
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 16 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Children (aged ≤6 years) assessed for dental caries (ECC) | 3301 children (n=22 studies); Americas (5 studies, n=319), Europe (5 studies, n=635), Asia (12 studies, n=2347) |
| Intervention | Presence of oral Candida albicans (any detection method: dental plaque, saliva, oral swab) | Oral C. albicans presence, detected via dental plaque (13 studies), saliva (7 studies), oral swab (2 studies) |
| Comparison | Absence of oral Candida albicans | C. albicans absence (caries children vs caries-free comparison) |
| Outcomes | Occurrence or severity of dental caries (early childhood caries) | Early childhood caries; pooled OR 4.42 (95% CI 3.14-6.24), I2=59.5% |
| Study designs | Observational studies: case-control, cross-sectional, cohort | 20 cross-sectional studies (n=2593); 2 case-control studies (n=708); published 2003-2024 |
| Timing | Children before age 6 (primary dentition); exposure and outcome assessed concurrently | Children aged ~1-6 years; studies published 2003-2024 |
Search date: 30 May 2024 (databases searched from inception to 30 May 2024). Databases: PubMed; Web of Science; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Embase; Google Scholar; Scopus
Questions and results
Presence of oral Candida albicans vs Absence of oral Candida albicans
Population: Children aged ≤6 years (early childhood)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Sample collection: dental plaque RETRACTED. Among dental plaque samples, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 4.08, 95% CI 2.65-6.27); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 4.08 [2.65, 6.27] | 13 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Sample collection: oral swab RETRACTED. Among oral swab samples, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 9.55, 95% CI 2.17-42.01); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 9.55 [2.17, 42.01] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Overall (all 22 studies, random-effects) RETRACTED. Oral C. albicans presence was associated with about 4-fold higher odds of early childhood caries (pooled OR 4.42, 95% CI 3.14-6.24), but this systematic review has been retracted and the evidence was not GRADE-rated (ungraded). Source: Results (Association between C. albicans and ECC); Fig 2 (forest plot, overall diamond); Abstract · same question in other reviews | OR 4.42 [3.14, 6.24] | 22 studies · 3301 participants | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Sample collection: saliva RETRACTED. Among saliva samples, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 4.70, 95% CI 2.44-9.09); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 4.70 [2.44, 9.09] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Region: Europe RETRACTED. Among European studies, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 10.13, 95% CI 6.01-17.09); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 10.13 [6.01, 17.09] | 5 studies · 635 participants | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Time period: before 2017 RETRACTED. Among studies before 2017, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 4.89, 95% CI 2.79-8.58); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 4.89 [2.79, 8.58] | 10 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Sample size: >=100 (Table 6; abstract text erroneously states '>=1000') RETRACTED. Among larger studies (n>=100), oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 4.65, 95% CI 2.57-8.42); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 4.65 [2.57, 8.42] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Study design: case-control RETRACTED. Among case-control studies, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 5.30, 95% CI 1.72-16.31); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 5.30 [1.72, 16.31] | 2 studies · 708 participants | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Region: Asia RETRACTED. Among Asian studies, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 3.62, 95% CI 2.53-5.20); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 3.62 [2.53, 5.20] | 12 studies · 2347 participants | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Study quality (NOS): good RETRACTED. Among good-quality studies, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 5.32, 95% CI 2.89-9.80); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 5.32 [2.89, 9.80] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Sample size: <100 (Table 6; abstract text erroneously states '<1000') RETRACTED. Among smaller studies (n<100), oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 4.35, 95% CI 2.75-6.89); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 4.35 [2.75, 6.89] | 16 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Time period: 2018 and later RETRACTED. Among studies from 2018 onward, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 4.17, 95% CI 2.62-6.64); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 4.17 [2.62, 6.64] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Study design: cross-sectional RETRACTED. Among cross-sectional studies, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 4.30, 95% CI 2.92-6.33); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 4.30 [2.92, 6.33] | 20 studies · 2593 participants | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Study quality (NOS): moderate RETRACTED. Among moderate-quality studies, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 3.84, 95% CI 2.24-6.57); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 3.84 [2.24, 6.57] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Region: America/Canada/Brazil/Chile RETRACTED. Among studies from the Americas, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.14-13.87); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 3.98 [1.14, 13.87] | 5 studies · 319 participants | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Study quality (NOS): low RETRACTED. Among low-quality studies, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 5.14, 95% CI 2.12-12.48); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review. Source: Table 6 (subgroup analysis); Results (Subgroup analysis) · same question in other reviews | OR 5.14 [2.12, 12.48] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Included primary studies 24
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cvanova M 2022 Candida species and selected behavioral factors co-associated with severe early childhood caries: Case-control study. PMID:35959372 | 1 other review | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| de Jesus VC 2020 Sex-Based Diverse Plaque Microbiota in Children with Severe Caries DOI:10.1177/0022034520908595 | 1 other review | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Garcia BA 2021 Association of Candida albicans and Cbp+ Streptococcus mutans with early childhood caries recurrence. PMID:34031498 | 1 other review | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Agustin TP 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Agustin TP 2024 [The Herisson needle cutter]. PMID:2024181 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bachtiar EW 2018 Relationship between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in early childhood caries, evaluated by quantitative PCR. PMID:30450201 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Beena MS 2017 Comparison of Candida species isolated from children with and without early childhood caries: A descriptive cross-sectional study DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_160_17 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bulut G 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Cao HF 2018 DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2018.11.003 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| de Carvalho FG 2006 Presence of mutans streptococci and Candida spp. in dental plaque/dentine of carious teeth and early childhood caries DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.06.001 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Esra O 2024 Presence of candida in the dental plaque and saliva of patients with severe early childhood caries and early childhood caries:a pilot study. PMID:39011175 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Farhanaz F 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Farhanaz F 2017 Changes of the neuronal endoplasmic reticulum in the peripheral nervous system in mutant hamsters with hind leg paralysis and normal… PMID:201735 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ghasempour M 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Hossain H 2003 Clonal identity of <i>Candida albicans</i> in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract of pre‐school children DOI:10.1034/j.1399-302x.2003.00086.x | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lozano Moraga CP 2017 Prevalence of<i>Candida albicans</i>and carriage of<i>Candida</i>non-<i>albicans</i>in the saliva of preschool children, according to… DOI:10.1080/00016357.2016.1244560 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ota Y 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Qiu R 2015 Genotypic diversity and cariogenicity of Candida albicans from children with early childhood caries and caries-free children. PMID:26576955 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Siddaiah SB 2024 Microbiological Evaluation of Herbal Extracts against Candida albicans in Early Childhood Caries Patients: An In Vitro Study. PMID:38559866 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ugun-Can B 2007 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Xiao J 2016 Candida albicans Carriage in Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) and Maternal Relatedness. PMID:27741258 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Yang XQ 2012 Genotypic distribution of Candida albicans in dental biofilm of Chinese children associated with severe early childhood caries DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.05.012 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Yao Y 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Zhang W 2018 Cariogenicity of Candida albicans of distinct genotypes among 3-5-year-old Uygur children in Kashgar, China- a case-control study. PMID:30518349 | this review only | Early childhood caries (ECC) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match).
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| Meta-Analysis Using NGS Data: The Veillonella Species in Dental Caries. (2021) | 1 | 0.02 |
| Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024) | 1 | 0.01 |
| Streptococcus mutans and Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2025) | 1 | 0.02 |