Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM41561951
A study on the association between smoking, periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption in patients with chronic periodontitis based on biomarkers: a meta-analysis.
Li Bing, Xia Li, Liu Cui, et al. · Frontiers in medicine · 2025 · PubMed · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1666722
Findings
Population Patients with chronic periodontitis
10 findings
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD 16.40 [-3.84, 36.64] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 126 participants |
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | Interleukin-17 (IL-17) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD 94.62 [23.34, 165.90] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 174 participants |
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD 6.02 [1.30, 10.73] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 130 participants |
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD 135.93 [48.91, 222.95] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 114 participants |
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD 27.15 [5.94, 48.37] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 812 participants |
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD -4.35 [-10.71, 2.02] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 114 participants |
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD 1.49 [0.85, 2.14] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 176 participants |
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | Osteoprotegerin (OPG) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD -1.52 [-2.98, -0.06] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 176 participants |
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD 9.03 [-6.75, 24.80] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 549 participants |
| Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) level in gingival crevicular fluid Gingival crevicular fluid biomarker | MD 14.56 [12.03, 17.09] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 116 participants |
Included primary studies 24
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Alshahrani 2021 Association of Self-Rated Pain with Clinical Peri-Implant Parameters and Cytokine Profile in Smokers and Never Smokers with and without… DOI:10.3390/app11125559 | 2021 | this review only | High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Interleukin-17 (IL-17) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Bayan 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Interleukin-17 (IL-17) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Buduneli 2008 Saliva concentrations of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smoker <i>versus</i> non‐smoker chronic periodontitis patients DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01310.x | 2008 | this review only | Osteoprotegerin (OPG) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Buduneli 2008 Saliva concentrations of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smoker versus non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients. PMID:18727653 | 2008 | this review only | Osteoprotegerin (OPG) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Buduneli 2009 Salivary and Plasma Levels of Toll‐Like Receptor 2 and Toll‐Like Receptor 4 in Chronic Periodontitis DOI:10.1902/jop.2010.100467 | 2011 | this review only | Osteoprotegerin (OPG) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Buduneli 2011 Salivary and plasma levels of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 in chronic periodontitis. PMID:21138350 | 2011 | this review only | Osteoprotegerin (OPG) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Che 2012 MAEA rs6815464 polymorphism and periodontitis in postmenopausal Japanese females: A cross-sectional study DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.04.008 | 2019 | this review only | N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Che 2015 MAEA rs6815464 polymorphism and periodontitis in postmenopausal Japanese females: A cross-sectional study. PMID:31005685 | 2019 | this review only | N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Çiğdem 2020 Salivary and serum markers of angiogenesis in periodontitis in relation to smoking DOI:10.1007/s00784-020-03411-4 | 2020 | this review only | Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| He 2016 The impact of smoking on levels of chronic periodontitis-associated biomarkers DOI:10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.004 | 2016 | this review only | Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| He 2016 The impact of smoking on levels of chronic periodontitis-associated biomarkers. PMID:27450647 | 2016 | this review only | Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Hussein (Bayan) 2022 Intracellular localization of certain photosynthetic enzymes in bundle sheath cells of plants possessing the C4 pathway of photosynthesis. PMID:172022 | 1975 | this review only | Interleukin-17 (IL-17) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Hwang (Soo-Jeong) 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Lappin 2007 Effect of smoking on serum RANKL and OPG in sex, age and clinically matched supportive‐therapy periodontitis patients DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01048.x | 2007 | this review only | Osteoprotegerin (OPG) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Lappin 2007 Effect of smoking on serum RANKL and OPG in sex, age and clinically matched supportive-therapy periodontitis patients. PMID:17378883 | 2007 | this review only | Osteoprotegerin (OPG) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Lin 2017 Levels of high-mobility group box-1 in gingival crevicular fluid in nonsmokers and smokers with chronic periodontitis DOI:10.1016/j.jfma.2017.01.006 | 2017 | this review only | High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Interleukin-17 (IL-17) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Lin 2017 Levels of high-mobility group box-1 in gingival crevicular fluid in nonsmokers and smokers with chronic periodontitis. PMID:28209360 | 2017 | this review only | High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Ningombam 2023 Unpacking the mysteries of puberty among school going adolescents in district of East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya DOI:10.1515/ijamh-2022-0081 | 2022 | this review only | C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Ningombam 2023 Unpacking the mysteries of puberty among school going adolescents in district of East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. PMID:36525648 | 2023 | this review only | C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Soo-Jeong 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Yilmaz Sastim (Cigdem) 2021 Salivary and serum markers of angiogenesis in periodontitis in relation to smoking. PMID:32643086 | 2021 | this review only | Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) level in gingival crevicular fluid; Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Yucel (Zeynep) 2020 Thymidine kinase in brain-tumor cysts. PMID:4032021 | 1985 | this review only | Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
| Zeynep 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) level in gingival crevicular fluid | not extracted yet |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Patients with chronic periodontitis | Patients with chronic periodontitis (n=1653) |
| Intervention | Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) | Smokers (n=893) |
| Comparison | Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients | Non-smokers (n=760) |
| Outcomes | Biomarkers of periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption in gingival crevicular fluid | GCF ICAM-1, HMGB1, IL-17, YKL-40, PINP, NTX, CTX, OPG, RANKL, MMP-9 (2 to 4 studies each) |
| Study designs | Observational studies; non-Chinese-language literature; published January 2005 to January 2023 | Observational studies, cohort and case-control (13 studies) |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |