evidencegaps
Primary study · included by 1 review

Ahmed 2022

ProbableThe reviews cited this study without a PMID, DOI or NCT, so it is matched by first author and year. Two different studies by the same author in the same year could be merged here.

Included by

A study on the association between smoking, periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption in patients with chronic periodontitis based on biomarkers: a meta-analysis.
Non-Cochrane · aetiology · 2025 · cited as Ahmed 2022 · Figure 3; Table 1
Outcome this study informsPooled effectEvidenceCertainty
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) level in gingival crevicular fluid
Smoking (smoker chronic periodontitis patients) vs Non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients
MD 6.02 [1.30, 10.73]3 studies · 130 participantsGRADE not reported

1 including review in total.