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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries

current versions
No studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Special health care needs vs Not applicable
Mean dmft/DMFT · Arab children with special health care needs in Ras Al Khaimah · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
MEAN 5.671 studyUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography (phosphor plates) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.732 studiesUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.87 [0.72, 0.95]8 studiesUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs TT genotype (homozygous model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Deciduous tooth decay
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.28 [0.08, 21.28]2 studies · 929 participantsUngraded
Early childhood caries (ECC) vs ECC-free children (caries-free controls)
Hemoglobin (HGB) level · Preschool children (<6 years) · Overall
Iron deficiency and early childhood caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
WMD -9.96 [-15.45, -4.46]5 studies · 924 participantsUngraded
Intervention NR
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · Somalia
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021)
MEAN 2.200 [2.200, 2.200]1 studyUngraded
Beta-thalassemia major (oral health status) vs Healthy Emirati children
Oral health status (caries, calculus, gingivitis) · Children with beta-thalassemia major in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai)
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Al-Raeesi et al. (Dubai) reported caries prevalence of 68.4% (mean DMFT 1.49) in children with beta-thalassemia major, higher than controls (48.7%; DMFT 0.21). More had calculus (28.9% vs 7.9%) and gingival…1 studyUngraded
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2190/pen) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.633 studiesUngraded
Daily supervised brushing with fluoridated toothpaste vs Pre-intervention
Visible plaque prevalence · Schoolchildren aged 4-6 years in Dubai schools · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Visible plaque index (pre-post) 76.8% (pre) to 36.7% (post)1 study · 1500 participantsUngraded
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Dental caries · Children · Caries assessment: clinical and radiographic examination
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67]1 studyUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography, sensor-based (CCD/CMOS) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 17.11 [3.73, 78.39]1 studyUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, E-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.94 [0.71, 0.99]5 studiesUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 5.93 [3.11, 11.31]8 studiesUngraded
0-19 remaining teeth vs 20-32 remaining teeth
All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Multivariable-adjusted
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
HR 1.29 [1.21, 1.37]10 studies · 305970 participantsLow
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Specificity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Primary/mixed dentition
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.79 [0.70, 0.85]NRUngraded
Oral hygiene knowledge and practices assessment vs None (descriptive prevalence review)
Oral hygiene knowledge and practices · Children and adolescents in the United Arab Emirates
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Suboptimal oral hygiene practices were common. Kowash reported 63% poor oral hygiene among preschoolers (58% never/rarely brushing). In a national survey (Pengpid et al.), tooth brushing less than once daily was 46.1%…NRUngraded
COE with blood/salivary (biomarker) analysis vs COE with vital rinsing (toluidine blue/tolonium chloride)
Outcome NR · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance…
Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in… (2021) · Cochrane
No eligible studies; planned comparative analysis (COE with vital rinse vs COE with blood/salivary analysis) not populated in this version.0 studiesNo studies
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Dental caries · Children · Sample size: 3,000 or fewer
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
OR 1.61 [1.30, 2.01]4 studiesUngraded
Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 1-32 remaining teeth
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Crude
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
HR 1.89 [1.80, 1.99]3 studies · 98122 participantsUngraded
Rubber dam isolation and moisture control (alone or with saliva aspiration) vs Cotton rolls (with or without saliva aspiration)
Survival rate of restorations (24 months) · Dental patients undergoing direct or indirect restorative treatment (no age or gender restriction) · 24 months, Primary molars (proximal atraumatic restorative treatment)
Rubber dam isolation for restorative treatment in dental patients (2021) · Cochrane
HR 0.80 [0.66, 0.97]1 study · 559 participantsVery low
Digital bitewing radiography, sensor-based (CCD/CMOS) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.96 [0.91, 0.98]1 studyUngraded
Higher number of lost teeth (per one additional lost tooth) vs Fewer lost teeth (continuous, per-tooth increment)
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Multivariable-adjusted
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
HR 1.02 [1.01, 1.03]13 studies · 4639644 participantsLow
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2190/pen) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 99 [22.01, 445.30]1 studyUngraded
Dental caries (ascertained mostly by WHO criteria/DMFT; also CAST, ICDAS, or clinical examination) vs None (descriptive prevalence meta-analysis)
Dental caries prevalence · General Pakistani population (all ages and both sexes; predominantly children and adolescents) · Province: Sindh
Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
Prevalence 58.946 [43.796, 73.274]11 studiesUngraded
Direct composite resin restoration vs Amalgam restoration
Restoration failure rate · People with permanent or adult posterior teeth requiring restoration (parallel-group trials involved children aged 6… · Follow-up >= 3 years, Split-mouth trials
Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent posterior teeth (2021) · Cochrane
RR 1.33 [0.84, 2.11]6 studiesUngraded
Fibre-optic transillumination (FOTI) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.922 studiesUngraded
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Diagnostic accuracy in previously restored teeth (secondary caries) · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Previously restored teeth (secondary caries)
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Only one study (Kim 2017) intentionally included restored teeth in its sample; the pre-specified secondary-caries subgroup analysis could not be performed, no summary estimate reported.1 studyUngraded
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Dental caries · Children · Study region: Europe
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
OR 1.55 [1.45, 1.66]3 studiesUngraded
Electronic caries monitor (ECM) device (ECM II / ECM III / ECM IV) vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs)
Specificity · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane
ECM (4 studies, 475 tooth surfaces): specificity ranged from 0.73 to 0.96.4 studiesUngraded
Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 1-32 remaining teeth
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
RR 2.93 [1.92, 4.50]10 studies · 4697021 participantsModerate
Resin infiltration vs Fluoride varnish
Optical/esthetic improvement (DIAGNOdent reading) · Patients (mainly children) with white spot lesions (WSL) · 3 to 6 months
Efficacy of resin infiltration to mask post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic white spot lesions or… (2021)
MD 4.76 [0.74, 8.78]3 studies · 212 participantsModerate
Sealing using sealant materials vs Selective carious tissue removal (selective excavation, SE)
Lesion progression · Children and/or adults with permanent or primary teeth, vital (sensitive) pulps, and cavitated or dentine carious… · Cavitated lesions, primary dentition
Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions (2021) · Cochrane
Lesion progression reported narratively: Dias 2018 1/27 sealed vs 1/21 SE at 24 months; Hesse 2014 0/17 sealed vs 0/17 SE at 18 months; not pooled and not GRADE-rated.2 studiesUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography, phosphor plate (PSP) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.41 [0.25, 0.61]11 studiesUngraded
Electrical conductance devices (electronic caries monitor (ECM) and/or CarieScan Pro), used as an adjunct to clinical oral examination vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs)
Diagnostic odds ratio (overall test accuracy) · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane
Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) 15.65 [1.43, 171.15]7 studiesVery low
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs TT genotype (homozygous model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Mixed dentition caries
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.44 [0.72, 2.85]2 studies · 270 participantsUngraded
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances
Bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults undergoing orthodontic treatment · 6 to 12 weeks, Adults
Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
MD -0.26 [-0.77, 0.26]2 studies · 62 participantsVery low
Conventional bitewing radiography (E-speed film) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.941 studyUngraded
Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) vs Histological validation (in vitro) or cavity preparation/biopsy (in vivo)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection (any threshold) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
no estimate extracted0 studiesNo studies
Direct composite resin restoration vs Amalgam restoration
Secondary caries · People with permanent or adult posterior teeth requiring restoration (parallel-group trials involved children aged 6… · Follow-up: 5 to 7 years
Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent posterior teeth (2021) · Cochrane
RR 2.14 [1.67, 2.74]2 studies · 921 participantsLow
Conventional bitewing radiography, D-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 31.0 [3.3, 291.3]1 studyUngraded
Intervention NR
Relative abundance of Veillonella spp. · Sensitivity analysis excluding 2 low-quality studies [12,17]
Meta-Analysis Using NGS Data: The Veillonella Species in Dental Caries. (2021)
MD 2.07 [-2.44, 6.58]4 studiesUngraded
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Sensitivity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.86 [0.80, 0.90]67 studiesLow
Electrical conductance devices (electronic caries monitor (ECM) and/or CarieScan Pro), used as an adjunct to clinical oral examination vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs)
Specificity · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Primary dentition
Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane
Primary dentition (3 studies): specificity ranged from 0 to 0.92.3 studiesUngraded
Laser fluorescence pen (DIAGNOdent 2190/Pen) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 11.83 [2.66, 52.63]2 studiesUngraded
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances
Plaque index (PI) · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment · 18 months, Adolescents
Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
MD -0.40 [-0.77, -0.03]1 studyUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, F-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (1/3 dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · 1/3 dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.996 [0.96, 1]1 studyUngraded
Selective carious tissue removal (selective excavation, SE) vs Stepwise carious tissue removal (SW)
Failure of therapy · Children and/or adults with permanent or primary teeth, vital (sensitive) pulps, and cavitated or dentine carious… · 12-60 months, Deep lesions, permanent dentition
Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions (2021) · Cochrane
OR 2.25 [1.33, 3.82]3 studies · 371 participantsModerate
COE with blood/salivary (biomarker) analysis vs Conventional oral examination (COE) alone
Outcome NR · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance…
Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in… (2021) · Cochrane
No eligible studies; planned comparative analysis (COE vs COE with blood/salivary analysis) not populated in this version.0 studiesNo studies
Conventional bitewing radiography, E-speed film vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.741 studyUngraded
Sealant vs No sealant
Incidence of new white spot lesions by visual-tactile assessment · Patients receiving comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment · 3 to 27 months, Overall
Efficacy of sealants and bonding materials during fixed orthodontic treatment to prevent enamel… (2021)
RR 0.70 [0.53, 0.93]6 studies · 2314 participantsVery low