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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries
current versionsNo studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Special health care needs vs Not applicable Mean dmft/DMFT · Arab children with special health care needs in Ras Al Khaimah · Overall Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | MEAN 5.67 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Digital bitewing radiography (phosphor plates) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.73 | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | Specificity 0.87 [0.72, 0.95] | 8 studies | Ungraded |
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs TT genotype (homozygous model) Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Deciduous tooth decay Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021) | OR 1.28 [0.08, 21.28] | 2 studies · 929 participants | Ungraded |
Early childhood caries (ECC) vs ECC-free children (caries-free controls) Hemoglobin (HGB) level · Preschool children (<6 years) · Overall Iron deficiency and early childhood caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) | WMD -9.96 [-15.45, -4.46] | 5 studies · 924 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · Somalia Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021) | MEAN 2.200 [2.200, 2.200] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Beta-thalassemia major (oral health status) vs Healthy Emirati children Oral health status (caries, calculus, gingivitis) · Children with beta-thalassemia major in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai) Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | Al-Raeesi et al. (Dubai) reported caries prevalence of 68.4% (mean DMFT 1.49) in children with beta-thalassemia major, higher than controls (48.7%; DMFT 0.21). More had calculus (28.9% vs 7.9%) and gingival… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2190/pen) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.63 | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Daily supervised brushing with fluoridated toothpaste vs Pre-intervention Visible plaque prevalence · Schoolchildren aged 4-6 years in Dubai schools · Overall Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | Visible plaque index (pre-post) 76.8% (pre) to 36.7% (post) | 1 study · 1500 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Caries assessment: clinical and radiographic examination Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Digital bitewing radiography, sensor-based (CCD/CMOS) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Caries detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | DOR 17.11 [3.73, 78.39] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Conventional bitewing radiography, E-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard) Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | Specificity 0.94 [0.71, 0.99] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | DOR 5.93 [3.11, 11.31] | 8 studies | Ungraded |
0-19 remaining teeth vs 20-32 remaining teeth All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Multivariable-adjusted Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021) | HR 1.29 [1.21, 1.37] | 10 studies · 305970 participants | Low |
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation) Specificity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Primary/mixed dentition Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane | Specificity 0.79 [0.70, 0.85] | NR | Ungraded |
Oral hygiene knowledge and practices assessment vs None (descriptive prevalence review) Oral hygiene knowledge and practices · Children and adolescents in the United Arab Emirates Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | Suboptimal oral hygiene practices were common. Kowash reported 63% poor oral hygiene among preschoolers (58% never/rarely brushing). In a national survey (Pengpid et al.), tooth brushing less than once daily was 46.1%… | NR | Ungraded |
COE with blood/salivary (biomarker) analysis vs COE with vital rinsing (toluidine blue/tolonium chloride) Outcome NR · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance… Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in… (2021) · Cochrane | No eligible studies; planned comparative analysis (COE with vital rinse vs COE with blood/salivary analysis) not populated in this version. | 0 studies | No studies |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Sample size: 3,000 or fewer Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.61 [1.30, 2.01] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 1-32 remaining teeth Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Crude Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021) | HR 1.89 [1.80, 1.99] | 3 studies · 98122 participants | Ungraded |
Rubber dam isolation and moisture control (alone or with saliva aspiration) vs Cotton rolls (with or without saliva aspiration) Survival rate of restorations (24 months) · Dental patients undergoing direct or indirect restorative treatment (no age or gender restriction) · 24 months, Primary molars (proximal atraumatic restorative treatment) Rubber dam isolation for restorative treatment in dental patients (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.80 [0.66, 0.97] | 1 study · 559 participants | Very low |
Digital bitewing radiography, sensor-based (CCD/CMOS) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | Sensitivity 0.96 [0.91, 0.98] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Higher number of lost teeth (per one additional lost tooth) vs Fewer lost teeth (continuous, per-tooth increment) Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Multivariable-adjusted Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021) | HR 1.02 [1.01, 1.03] | 13 studies · 4639644 participants | Low |
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2190/pen) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Caries detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | DOR 99 [22.01, 445.30] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Dental caries (ascertained mostly by WHO criteria/DMFT; also CAST, ICDAS, or clinical examination) vs None (descriptive prevalence meta-analysis) Dental caries prevalence · General Pakistani population (all ages and both sexes; predominantly children and adolescents) · Province: Sindh Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) | Prevalence 58.946 [43.796, 73.274] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Direct composite resin restoration vs Amalgam restoration Restoration failure rate · People with permanent or adult posterior teeth requiring restoration (parallel-group trials involved children aged 6… · Follow-up >= 3 years, Split-mouth trials Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent posterior teeth (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.84, 2.11] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Fibre-optic transillumination (FOTI) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.92 | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation) Diagnostic accuracy in previously restored teeth (secondary caries) · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Previously restored teeth (secondary caries) Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane | Only one study (Kim 2017) intentionally included restored teeth in its sample; the pre-specified secondary-caries subgroup analysis could not be performed, no summary estimate reported. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries · Children · Study region: Europe Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | OR 1.55 [1.45, 1.66] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Electronic caries monitor (ECM) device (ECM II / ECM III / ECM IV) vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs) Specificity · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies) Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane | ECM (4 studies, 475 tooth surfaces): specificity ranged from 0.73 to 0.96. | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 1-32 remaining teeth Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021) | RR 2.93 [1.92, 4.50] | 10 studies · 4697021 participants | Moderate |
Resin infiltration vs Fluoride varnish Optical/esthetic improvement (DIAGNOdent reading) · Patients (mainly children) with white spot lesions (WSL) · 3 to 6 months Efficacy of resin infiltration to mask post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic white spot lesions or… (2021) | MD 4.76 [0.74, 8.78] | 3 studies · 212 participants | Moderate |
Sealing using sealant materials vs Selective carious tissue removal (selective excavation, SE) Lesion progression · Children and/or adults with permanent or primary teeth, vital (sensitive) pulps, and cavitated or dentine carious… · Cavitated lesions, primary dentition Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions (2021) · Cochrane | Lesion progression reported narratively: Dias 2018 1/27 sealed vs 1/21 SE at 24 months; Hesse 2014 0/17 sealed vs 0/17 SE at 18 months; not pooled and not GRADE-rated. | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Digital bitewing radiography, phosphor plate (PSP) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard) Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | Sensitivity 0.41 [0.25, 0.61] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Electrical conductance devices (electronic caries monitor (ECM) and/or CarieScan Pro), used as an adjunct to clinical oral examination vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs) Diagnostic odds ratio (overall test accuracy) · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies) Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) 15.65 [1.43, 171.15] | 7 studies | Very low |
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs TT genotype (homozygous model) Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Mixed dentition caries Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021) | OR 1.44 [0.72, 2.85] | 2 studies · 270 participants | Ungraded |
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances Bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults undergoing orthodontic treatment · 6 to 12 weeks, Adults Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | MD -0.26 [-0.77, 0.26] | 2 studies · 62 participants | Very low |
Conventional bitewing radiography (E-speed film) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.94 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) vs Histological validation (in vitro) or cavity preparation/biopsy (in vivo) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection (any threshold) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Direct composite resin restoration vs Amalgam restoration Secondary caries · People with permanent or adult posterior teeth requiring restoration (parallel-group trials involved children aged 6… · Follow-up: 5 to 7 years Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent posterior teeth (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.14 [1.67, 2.74] | 2 studies · 921 participants | Low |
Conventional bitewing radiography, D-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard) Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | DOR 31.0 [3.3, 291.3] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Relative abundance of Veillonella spp. · Sensitivity analysis excluding 2 low-quality studies [12,17] Meta-Analysis Using NGS Data: The Veillonella Species in Dental Caries. (2021) | MD 2.07 [-2.44, 6.58] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation) Sensitivity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies) Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane | Sensitivity 0.86 [0.80, 0.90] | 67 studies | Low |
Electrical conductance devices (electronic caries monitor (ECM) and/or CarieScan Pro), used as an adjunct to clinical oral examination vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs) Specificity · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Primary dentition Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane | Primary dentition (3 studies): specificity ranged from 0 to 0.92. | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Laser fluorescence pen (DIAGNOdent 2190/Pen) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | DOR 11.83 [2.66, 52.63] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances Plaque index (PI) · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment · 18 months, Adolescents Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | MD -0.40 [-0.77, -0.03] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Conventional bitewing radiography, F-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard) Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (1/3 dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · 1/3 dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | Specificity 0.996 [0.96, 1] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Selective carious tissue removal (selective excavation, SE) vs Stepwise carious tissue removal (SW) Failure of therapy · Children and/or adults with permanent or primary teeth, vital (sensitive) pulps, and cavitated or dentine carious… · 12-60 months, Deep lesions, permanent dentition Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions (2021) · Cochrane | OR 2.25 [1.33, 3.82] | 3 studies · 371 participants | Moderate |
COE with blood/salivary (biomarker) analysis vs Conventional oral examination (COE) alone Outcome NR · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance… Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in… (2021) · Cochrane | No eligible studies; planned comparative analysis (COE vs COE with blood/salivary analysis) not populated in this version. | 0 studies | No studies |
Conventional bitewing radiography, E-speed film vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.74 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Sealant vs No sealant Incidence of new white spot lesions by visual-tactile assessment · Patients receiving comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment · 3 to 27 months, Overall Efficacy of sealants and bonding materials during fixed orthodontic treatment to prevent enamel… (2021) | RR 0.70 [0.53, 0.93] | 6 studies · 2314 participants | Very low |