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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.

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5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries

current versions
No studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Caries severity measurement (mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth, DMFT; WHO criteria) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year)
Caries severity (mean DMFT) · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Country: Sao Tome
Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022)
MEAN 1.63 [1.509, 1.747]1 studyUngraded
Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) / other caregivers' feeding practices vs Other models of complementary feeding (traditional/non-responsive CF)
Dental caries (later in life) · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western… · Later in life
Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other… (2022)
No studies on the influence of caregivers' feeding practices during complementary feeding on dental caries later in life were identified.0 studiesNo studies
Study-specific random forest classifier vs Caries versus healthy disease-state labels
Study-specific disease-state discrimination · Oral microbiome samples in 15 case-controlled studies
Meta-analysis of caries microbiome studies can improve upon disease prediction outcomes. (2022)
no estimate extracted15 studiesUngraded
Machine-learning algorithms for dental caries detection vs Different machine-learning algorithms for caries prediction
Molar caries detection accuracy · Dental images of human beings · Lee et al., 2018; CNN
Uses of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosis of Dental Caries. (2022)
Accuracy 891 study · 3000 participantsUngraded
Intervention NR
Caries experience - % dft (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (1 group/1 study)
Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
% dft CL/P 7.4 vs no CL/P 8.11 studyUngraded
Imaging (analog or digital radiographs) vs Reference standard (histology, operative excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Sensitivity for detecting enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults suspected of enamel caries (clinical studies); extracted teeth (in vitro studies) · Analysis 2: network meta-analysis (all studies evaluating >=2 index tests)
Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022)
Sensitivity 0.50 [0.40, 0.59]64 studies · 24567 participantsLow
Glass ionomer-based sealant vs Resin-based sealant (fluoride-releasing or non-fluoride-releasing)
Adverse events · 'Healthy' children with caries-free second primary molars, aged 3-5 years (schools and kindergartens, India and China)
Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane
1 study reported adverse events as some discomfort such as nausea; 1 child experienced a strong gag reflex following the glass ionomer-based sealant while 8 children reported feeling uncomfortable after the fluoride…1 study · 100 participantsVery low
Composite strip crown (CSC) with a post (microhybrid composite resin, Amelogen) vs Post type: composite post (CP) vs fibre post (FP) vs reverse metal post (RMP)
Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with severely decayed maxillary primary incisors treated by pulpectomy (non-vital pulp therapy) · 1 year, Reverse metal post (RMP) arm
Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious lesions in pulp treated… (2022)
AFR 01 study · 54 participantsUngraded
Fluoride-containing dental care products, primarily toothpaste vs Dietary fluoride sources in poor-fluoridated areas
Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · Adults · Poor fluoride in water (<0.3 mg/L)
Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. (2022)
Mean percentage contribution 121 studyUngraded
Caries assessment at enamel threshold vs None
Caries experience · European adolescents aged 16 years · Exact age
Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
Mean DMFS 3.29 [2.49, 4.36]1 studyUngraded
Pulpotomy (partial or full) vs None (single-arm pooled success proportion)
Clinical and radiographic success rate (>=6 months) · Human permanent teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis due to carious pulp exposure · >=6 months, Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis
Outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
Proportion 0.84 [0.72, 0.92]9 studiesUngraded
Enamel caries in primary dentition (at 5 years) vs Caries-free primary dentition
Dentinal caries in permanent (newly erupted) teeth · School children and adolescents (6-18 years) followed from primary dentition (baseline examination before 72 months of… · 7-year follow-up, Enamel caries in primary dentition
Does Early Childhood Caries Increase Caries Development among School Children and Adolescents? A Systematic… (2022)
OR 1.6 [1.2, 2.0]1 study · 3282 participantsUngraded
Machine-learning algorithms for dental caries detection vs Different machine-learning algorithms for caries prediction
Occlusal caries detection accuracy · Dental images of human beings · Casalegno et al., 2018; CNN
Uses of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosis of Dental Caries. (2022)
Accuracy 83.61 study · 217 participantsUngraded
Common genetic variants genome-wide (GWAS; ~3.9 million SNPs with MAF > 5%) vs ECC-unaffected children (per-allele case-control association)
Early childhood caries (ECC) - association at lead SNP rs74470773 (3:33958083; nearest gene(s) PDCD6IP) · Children up to age 5-6 years (European / European non-Hispanic ancestry); 843 ECC-affected vs 2124 unaffected across 5… · Cross-sectional (ECC ascertained at the last dental exam before age 6), rs74470773 (3:33958083); effect/non-effect allele T/C; MAF 0.47; direction across 5 cohorts -----
Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide… (2022)
Z-score (Stouffer's combined Z, 5 cohorts) -4.5895 studies · 2974 participantsUngraded
Machine-learning algorithms for dental caries detection vs Different machine-learning algorithms for caries prediction
Occlusal caries detection accuracy · Dental images of human beings · Moutselos et al., 2019; MASK R-CNN; most common class
Uses of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosis of Dental Caries. (2022)
Accuracy 88.91 study · 88 participantsUngraded
Dental caries assessment (WHO/clinical diagnostic criteria; caries = DMFT>0) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year)
Caries prevalence · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Setting: Urban
Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022)
Prevalence 0.403 [0.233, 0.574]7 studiesUngraded
HVGIC Vitro Molar vs HVGIC Ketac Molar Easymix
Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 4 years, ART; Class I
Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022)
Annual failure rate (%) Vitro Molar 3.5%; Ketac Molar Easymix 5.8%1 study · 25 participantsUngraded
Antiretroviral therapy (any, including cART) vs No antiretroviral medication (treatment-naive)
Dental caries experience · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH)
Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022)
OR 0.91 [0.5, 1.65]2 studies · 301 participantsVery low
Glass ionomer-based sealant vs No sealant
Progression of non-cavitated enamel caries · Children with caries-free primary first molars (with or without caries on other teeth), aged 1-5 years (paediatric…
Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane
No studies reported this outcome.0 studiesNo studies
Intervention NR
Difference in summary specificity (NMA, Analysis 2) · Fluorescence vs Visual
Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022)
Specificity difference (95% CrI) 0.02 [-0.07, 0.11]NRUngraded
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) vs Monotherapy or dual antiretroviral therapy
Persistent parotid enlargement prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH)
Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022)
No significant difference in persistent parotid enlargement between CLWH on cART and those on monotherapy or dual therapy (no numeric estimate reported in the text); 1 study(ies).1 studyVery low
Sugary drinks/sweets consumption vs Children without dental caries
Dental caries (association with sugary drinks/sweets consumption) · Children (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries
Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022)
OR 2.04 [1.59, 2.60]7 studies · 3653 participantsUngraded
Machine-learning algorithms for dental caries detection vs Different machine-learning algorithms for caries prediction
Occlusal caries detection accuracy · Dental images of human beings · Moutselos et al., 2019; MASK R-CNN; center pixel class
Uses of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosis of Dental Caries. (2022)
Accuracy 77.81 study · 88 participantsUngraded
Amalgam (A) vs Preformed metal crown (PMC)
Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary molars treated by pulpotomy (vital pulp therapy) · 1 year, Preformed metal crown (PMC) arm
Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious lesions in pulp treated… (2022)
AFR 2.41 study · 83 participantsUngraded
Fluoride-releasing resin-based sealant vs No sealant (no treatment)
Progression of non-cavitated enamel caries · Children with caries-free or non-cavitated carious lesion primary molars, aged 3-7 years (paediatric department,…
Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane
No studies reported this outcome.0 studiesNo studies
HVGIC bilayer insertion and surface coating protocols vs Alternative HVGIC insertion and surface coating protocols
Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 3 years, ART; Class II
Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022)
Annual failure rate (%) 32.4%, 13.7%, 18.7%, 13.4% by insertion/coating arm1 study · 208 participantsUngraded
Dental caries assessment (WHO/clinical diagnostic criteria; caries = DMFT>0) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year)
Caries prevalence · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Country: Malawi
Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022)
Prevalence 0.19 [0.168, 0.214]1 studyUngraded
Living with HIV and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART) vs Healthy HIV-negative controls
Dental caries severity (median DMFT/dmft/DMFS/dmfs) · Children and adolescents (<18 years) · Cross-sectional (case-control; single time point)
Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A… (2022)
Rajonson 2017 reported significantly higher median DMFT/dmft/DMFS/dmfs among CLWH than uninfected children below 12 years; no pooled effect estimate reported.1 studyUngraded
Caries experience measurement (mean D(M)FS, enamel lesions included) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only)
Caries experience (mean DMFS) · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Region: non-Scandinavian
Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
MEAN 8.89 [6.41, 12.33]6 studiesUngraded
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) vs No cleft lip and/or palate (non-CL/P)
Restorative index (RI = f/[d+f]) in the primary dentition · Children in the primary dentition with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and comparable children without CL/P
Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
Of the five studies for which the RI could be calculated, three of them (Dahllof 1989; Nagappan 2019; Veiga 2016) showed a lower RI for children with CL/P compared to children with no CL/P demonstrating a lower…5 studiesUngraded
Imaging (analog or digital radiographs) vs Reference standard (histology, operative excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Specificity for detecting enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults suspected of enamel caries (clinical studies); extracted teeth (in vitro studies) · Analysis 1: fully within-person comparison (studies evaluating >=3 index tests)
Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022)
Specificity 0.92 [0.84, 0.96]19 studies · 2849 participantsUngraded
Caries severity measurement (mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth, DMFT; WHO criteria) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year)
Caries severity (mean DMFT) · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Country: Malawi
Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022)
MEAN 0.67 [0.631, 0.709]1 studyUngraded
Selective (partial, one-step) removal of carious tissue vs Non-selective (complete) caries removal to hard dentine
Pulpal disease (signs/symptoms of pulp necrosis) · Children with dentine caries in primary and permanent teeth · 12 months, 3 studies (primary and permanent teeth)
Minimal intervention dentistry for managing carious lesions into dentine in primary teeth: an umbrella review. (2022)
RR 0.27 [0.05, 1.60]3 studiesUngraded
Atraumatic restorative treatment with high-viscosity GIC (class I) vs Amalgam restoration
Restoration success/failure · Children (5-7 years) with caries in primary teeth · 12 months
Minimal intervention dentistry for managing carious lesions into dentine in primary teeth: an umbrella review. (2022)
RR 0.93 [0.83, 1.06]3 studiesUngraded
Amalgam (A) vs Preformed metal crown (PMC)
Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary molars treated by pulpotomy (vital pulp therapy) · 1 year, Amalgam (A) arm
Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious lesions in pulp treated… (2022)
AFR 14.31 study · 83 participantsUngraded
Intervention NR
Difference in summary sensitivity (NMA, Analysis 2) · Transillumination vs Visual
Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022)
Sensitivity difference (95% CrI) -0.06 [-0.19, 0.05]NRUngraded
Genetically predicted gene expression (TWAS; S-PrediXcan with GTEx v8 cis-eQTL across 49 tissues; cross-tissue S-MultiXcan) vs ECC-unaffected children (association of genetically predicted expression)
Early childhood caries (ECC) - association with genetically predicted expression of CDH17 (chr8q22.1) · Children up to age 5-6 years (European / European non-Hispanic ancestry); 843 ECC-affected vs 2124 unaffected across 5… · Cross-sectional (ECC ascertained at the last dental exam before age 6), CDH17 (chr8q22.1); 23 (5) tissues; significant (Bonferroni p < 3.09x10-6)
Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide… (2022)
Z-score (cross-tissue mean, S-MultiXcan) 1.745 studies · 2974 participantsUngraded
Food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing (exposure) vs No, less, or less powerful food marketing
Food preference · Children and adolescents aged 0-19 years · Nonrandomized studies
Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and… (2022)
SMD 0.21 [0.07, 0.35]4 studies · 1972 participantsVery low
Oral cytology (e.g. OralCDx brush biopsy, CytID) vs Reference standard: examination and clinical evaluation by a physician/clinician with specialist knowledge or training (long-term follow-up accepted for those screened negative)
Outcome NR · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance…
Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in… (2021) · Cochrane
Oral cytology (e.g. brush biopsy) was added to the list of eligible index tests in this update; no eligible studies evaluated it (evidence gap).0 studiesNo studies
Observed population vs Not applicable
Oral problems prevalence · Pediatric leukemia patients in the United Arab Emirates · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Prevalence 601 studyUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, F-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.728 studiesUngraded
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Specificity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Non-histology reference standard (excavation, radiographs, separation)
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.86 [0.76, 0.92]NRUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CT/CC genotype vs TT genotype (dominant model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Mixed dentition caries
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.37 [0.81, 2.33]2 studies · 270 participantsUngraded
Analogue (conventional) radiographs vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.44 [0.38, 0.50]51 studiesUngraded
Fluoride-releasing glass ionomer-based bonding agent vs Non-fluoride glass ionomer-based bonding agent
Initiation of white spot lesions (WSL), visual-tactile assessment · Patients of any age (11-40 years) receiving comprehensive/fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances · 1-24 months follow-up, Glass ionomer-based bonding agent
Efficacy of sealants and bonding materials during fixed orthodontic treatment to prevent enamel… (2021)
RR 0.64 [0.41, 0.99]1 study · 144 participantsUngraded
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2190/pen) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.835 studiesUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs TT genotype (homozygous model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Ethnicity: Asian
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.38 [0.55, 3.50]5 studies · 1932 participantsUngraded
Presence of dental plaque vs Absence of dental plaque
Dental caries (presence) · Individuals in Ethiopia assessed for dental caries
Dental caries and associated factors in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 5.14 [0.67, 39.39]3 studiesUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, E-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.42 [0.28, 0.57]9 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Water samples with fluoride concentration below the acceptable range
External control of fluoridation in the public water supplies of Brazilian cities as a strategy against… (2021)
Prevalence 45.0 [26.1, 64.7]12 studiesUngraded