Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM35499839
Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Boyland Emma, McGale Lauren, Maden Michelle, et al. · JAMA pediatrics · 2022 · PubMed · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1037
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
21
current version
GRADE rated
13
No studies
1
Included studies
92
linked below
No studies 1 · 4.8%Ungraded 7 · 33.3%Very low 10 · 47.6%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 3 · 14.3%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Children and adolescents aged 0-19 years | 19 372 participants across 80 studies in the meta-analyses; children/adolescents; evidence almost exclusively from high-income countries (only 6 studies from low/middle-income countries) |
| Intervention | Food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing (exposure to; per WHO definitions of marketing, exposure, and power) | Food/beverage marketing via television, digital media, packaging, product placement, advergames, premiums/toys, brand/licensed characters, and celebrity endorsement, mostly promoting HFSS products |
| Comparison | No, less, or less powerful food marketing | No, less, or less powerful food marketing |
| Outcomes | Critical: food intake, choice, preference, purchasing. Important: purchase requests, dental caries and erosion, body weight/BMI/obesity, diet-related NCDs (and validated surrogate indicators) | Intake (46 studies), choice (37), preference (20), purchasing (5), purchase requests (6), dental caries (2), body weight/BMI (1), diet-related NCDs (0) |
| Study designs | Primary studies: RCTs and nonrandomized studies (observational and experimental); any setting; no language or country restriction | 96 studies included in the systematic review (64 RCTs, 32 NRS); 80 studies in the meta-analyses |
| Timing | No timing restriction; studies added to databases from January 1, 2009 onward | Outcomes predominantly assessed immediately/short-term after marketing exposure |
Search date: March 2020 (updated; initial search April 2019). Databases: MEDLINE; CINAHL; Web of Science; Embase; ERIC; The Cochrane Library (CDSR, CENTRAL); Business Source Complete; EconLit; Emerald; JSTOR; HMIC; Advertising Education Forum; The Campbell Library; Database of Promoting Health Effectiveness Reviews (DoPHER); Healthevidence.org; TRIP; IRIS; Global Index…
Questions and results
Food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing (exposure) vs No, less, or less powerful food marketing
Population: Children and adolescents aged 0-19 years
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Food intake Immediate/short-term (post-exposure) · Overall (pooled across designs) Food marketing was associated with a significant increase in children's food intake (pooled SMD, 0.25; combined RCT and nonrandomized evidence). Source: Abstract; Results (For food intake); Figure 2 · same question in other reviews | SMD 0.25 [0.15, 0.35] | 41 studies | Ungraded |
Food intake Immediate/short-term (post-exposure) · Nonrandomized studies Nonrandomized evidence suggests food marketing increases intake but is very uncertain (SMD, 0.34; very low certainty). Source: Table (Pooled Associations...); Results (For food intake) · same question in other reviews | SMD 0.34 [0.12, 0.57] | 11 studies · 8436 participants | Very low Downgraded: imprecision |
Food intake Immediate/short-term (post-exposure) · Randomized trials Food marketing probably increases children's food intake (SMD, 0.20; moderate certainty, RCTs). Source: Table (Pooled Associations...); Results (For food intake) · same question in other reviews | SMD 0.20 [0.10, 0.30] | 30 studies · 2908 participants | Moderate Downgraded: inconsistency |
Food purchasing Food marketing showed no clear association with food purchasing by or for children (very low certainty). Source: Results (For food purchasing) · same question in other reviews | No clear evidence of association with purchasing. Vote counting: any association of public health harm in 2 of 5 studies (40%; 95% CI, 7.3%-83.0%); all 3 observational NRSs found an association (2 harm, 1 benefit),… | 5 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Dental caries Nonrandomized studies Evidence on food marketing and dental caries is very uncertain (very low certainty); 1 of 2 studies found an association. Source: Results (For dental caries) · same question in other reviews | Vote counting: 1 of 2 studies (50%; 95% CI, 9%-90.5%) showed an association of public health harm; 1 moderate-quality study found a clear association with caries and 1 high-quality study found no association. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness |
Food purchasing Vote counting by direction of effect Across five studies, 40% showed any association of potential public health harm for food purchasing (very low certainty). Source: Results · same question in other reviews | Proportion 0.40 [0.073, 0.830] | 5 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Purchase requests Nonrandomized studies Nonrandomized evidence on purchase requests is very uncertain (very low certainty). Source: Results (For purchase requests) · same question in other reviews | A single observational study contributed to the combination-of-P-values analysis for purchase requests. | 1 study | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Food choice Crossover designs with binary outcomes In crossover studies with binary outcomes, food marketing had no clear association with food choice (OR 3.45, 95% CI 0.97 to 12.43; ungraded). Source: Results · same question in other reviews | OR 3.45 [0.97, 12.43] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Food choice Randomized trials Food marketing probably increases children's choice of the marketed food (OR, 1.97; moderate certainty, RCTs). Source: Table (Pooled Associations...); Results (For food choice) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.97 [1.46, 2.66] | 22 studies · 3838 participants | Moderate Downgraded: inconsistency |
Food preference Overall (pooled across designs) Food marketing was associated with increased food preference (pooled SMD, 0.30; combined evidence). Source: Abstract; Results (For food preference); Figure 4 · same question in other reviews | SMD 0.30 [0.12, 0.49] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Food preference Randomized trials Food marketing may increase children's food preference but evidence is very uncertain (SMD, 0.38; very low certainty, RCTs). Source: Table (Pooled Associations...); Results (For food preference) · same question in other reviews | SMD 0.38 [0.03, 0.72] | 8 studies · 1802 participants | Very low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency |
Dental caries Vote counting by direction of effect Across two studies, 50% showed any association of potential public health harm for dental caries (very low certainty). Source: Results · same question in other reviews | Proportion 0.50 [0.09, 0.905] | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness |
Body weight / BMI Evidence on food marketing and body weight is very uncertain (very low certainty); a single study found no association. Source: Results (body weight/BMI) · same question in other reviews | A single moderate-quality observational study found no significant association between food marketing and body weight/BMI. | 1 study | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, indirectness |
Food choice Nonrandomized studies Nonrandomized evidence on food marketing and food choice is very uncertain (OR, 0.56; very low certainty). Source: Table (Pooled Associations...); Results (For food choice) · same question in other reviews | OR 0.56 [0.05, 5.99] | 5 studies · 416 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Food choice Overall (pooled across designs) Food marketing was associated with increased odds of choosing the marketed food (pooled OR, 1.77; combined evidence). Source: Abstract; Results (For food choice); Figure 3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.77 [1.26, 2.50] | 27 studies | Ungraded |
Purchase requests Randomized trials Food marketing is probably associated with increased purchase requests (moderate certainty, RCTs). Source: Results (For purchase requests) · same question in other reviews | Combination of P values statistically significant in both model iterations, indicating evidence of an association of food marketing with purchase requests. | 5 studies | Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias |
Diet-related noncommunicable diseases No eligible studies were found. Source: Results (For diet-related NCDs; No studies) · same question in other reviews | No studies were found with relevant data on diet-related noncommunicable diseases or validated surrogate indicators. | 0 studies | No studies |
Food preference Crossover designs with binary outcomes In crossover studies with binary outcomes, food marketing increased food preference (OR 3.49, 95% CI 2.03 to 6.22; ungraded). Source: Results · same question in other reviews | OR 3.49 [2.03, 6.22] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Food preference Nonrandomized studies Nonrandomized evidence suggests food marketing increases preference but is very uncertain (SMD, 0.21; very low certainty). Source: Table (Pooled Associations...); Results (For food preference) · same question in other reviews | SMD 0.21 [0.07, 0.35] | 4 studies · 1972 participants | Very low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency |
Comparison
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Food purchasing Vote counting by direction of effect; unclear association of public health harm | Proportion 0.25 [0.013, 0.781] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Food purchasing Vote counting by direction of effect; clear association of public health harm | Proportion 0.25 [0.013, 0.781] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Included primary studies 92
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerts 2019 Do depicted suggestions of portion size on‐pack impact how much (un)healthy food children consume DOI:10.1111/ijcs.12503 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Agante 2019 How much is “too much” for a brand to use an advergame with children? DOI:10.1108/jpbm-08-2017-1554 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Anderson 2015 Mealtime exposure to food advertisements while watching television increases food intake in overweight and obese girls but has a… PMID:25610952 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Anschutz 2009 Side effects of television food commercials on concurrent nonadvertised sweet snack food intakes in young children. PMID:19321557 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Anschutz 2010 Maternal encouragement to be thin moderates the effect of commercials on children's snack food intake. PMID:20362022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Arendt 2015 Television Commercials and Fading Behavioral Brand Choice Effects in Austrian Children DOI:10.1080/17482798.2015.1089299 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ares 2016 Influence of label design on children’s perception of two snack foods: Comparison of rating and choice-based conjoint analysis DOI:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.05.006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Arrúa 2017 Influence of Label Design on Children's Perception of 2 Snack Foods. PMID:27998695 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Boyland 2011 Food commercials increase preference for energy-dense foods, particularly in children who watch more television. PMID:21708808 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Boyland 2013 Food choice and overconsumption: effect of a premium sports celebrity endorser. PMID:23490037 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Boyland 2015 Exposure to 'healthy' fast food meal bundles in television advertisements promotes liking for fast food but not healthier choices in… PMID:25716646 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Brown 2017 Influence of product placement in children's movies on children's snack choices. PMID:28323061 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bruce 2016 The Influence of Televised Food Commercials on Children's Food Choices: Evidence from Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activations. PMID:27526621 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Castetbon 2012 Purchases of ready-to-eat cereals vary across US household sociodemographic categories according to nutritional value and advertising… PMID:22152703 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Castonguay 2019 Sugar and Sports: Age Differences in Children’s Responses to a High Sugar Cereal Advertisement Portraying Physical Activities DOI:10.1177/0093650215587357 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Coates 2019 Social Media Influencer Marketing and Children's Food Intake: A Randomized Trial. PMID:30833297 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Coates 2019 The effect of influencer marketing of food and a "protective" advertising disclosure on children's food intake. PMID:31168959 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Dalton 2017 Child-targeted fast-food television advertising exposure is linked with fast-food intake among pre-school children. PMID:28416041 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| de Droog 2011 Using brand characters to promote young children's liking of and purchase requests for fruit. PMID:21058143 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Dias 2011 Can advergames boost children's healthier eating habits? A comparison between healthy and non‐healthy food DOI:10.1002/cb.359 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Dixon 2014 Effects of nutrient content claims, sports celebrity endorsements and premium offers on pre-adolescent children's food preferences:… PMID:23630014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Dixon 2017 Food marketing with movie character toys: Effects on young children's preferences for unhealthy and healthier fast food meals. PMID:28712977 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Dixon 2018 Community junior sport sponsorship: an online experiment assessing children's responses to unhealthy food v. pro-health sponsorship options. PMID:29208078 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Dovey 2011 Responsiveness to healthy television (TV) food advertisements/commercials is only evident in children under the age of seven with low food… PMID:21256170 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Drewnowski 2017 The Impact of Crunchy Wednesdays on Happy Meal Fruit Orders: Analysis of Sales Data in France, 2009-2013. PMID:27843128 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Emond 2016 Randomized Exposure to Food Advertisements and Eating in the Absence of Hunger Among Preschoolers. PMID:27940713 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Emond 2019 Exposure to Child-Directed TV Advertising and Preschoolers' Intake of Advertised Cereals. PMID:30573338 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ferguson 2012 Advertising influences on young children's food choices and parental influence. PMID:21983204 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ferguson 2014 Advertising and fictional media effects on healthy eating choices in early and later childhood. DOI:10.1037/ppm0000016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Fernandez 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Folkvord 2013 The effect of playing advergames that promote energy-dense snacks or fruit on actual food intake among children. PMID:23269821 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Folkvord 2014 Impulsivity, "advergames," and food intake. PMID:24799543 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Folkvord 2015 The role of attentional bias in the effect of food advertising on actual food intake among children. PMID:25451582 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Folkvord 2016 Targeting implicit approach reactions to snack food in children: Effects on intake. PMID:27505216 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Folkvord 2017 Does a 'protective' message reduce the impact of an advergame promoting unhealthy foods to children? An experimental study in Spain and… PMID:28122207 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Forman 2009 Food branding influences ad libitum intake differently in children depending on weight status. Results of a pilot study. PMID:19481125 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gatou 2016 The short-term effects of television advertisements of cariogenic foods on children's dietary choices. PMID:27097969 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ghimire 2013 Comparative evaluation of the influence of television advertisements on children and caries prevalence. PMID:23406919 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gilbert-Diamond 2016 Television food advertisement exposure and FTO rs9939609 genotype in relation to excess consumption in children. PMID:27654143 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gregori 2013 Investigating the obesogenic effects of marketing snacks with toys: an experimental study in Latin America. PMID:23841997 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gregori 2014 Food packaged with toys: an investigation on potential obesogenic effects in Indian children. PMID:24916132 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gregori 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gunnarsdottir 2010 Should we use popular brands to promote healthy eating among children? PMID:20441663 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Harris 2009 Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior. PMID:19594263 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Harris 2012 US Food Company Branded Advergames on the Internet: Children's exposure and effects on snack consumption DOI:10.1080/17482798.2011.633405 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Harris 2018 Teaching children about good health? Halo effects in child-directed advertisements for unhealthy food. PMID:29076259 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Hartmann 2017 Children's purchase behavior in the snack market: Can branding or lower prices motivate healthier choices? PMID:28625855 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Heard 2016 Piloting an online grocery store simulation to assess children's food choices. PMID:26409642 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Hobin 2012 The Happy Meal® Effect: the impact of toy premiums on healthy eating among children in Ontario, Canada. PMID:23618634 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Hudson 2013 Measuring the Impact of Product Placement on Children Using Digital Brand Integration DOI:10.1080/10454446.2013.724370 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Jones 2011 An experimental study on the effects of exposure to magazine advertising on children's food choices. PMID:21138610 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Keller 2012 The impact of food branding on children's eating behavior and obesity. PMID:22450261 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kelly 2016 Television advertising, not viewing, is associated with negative dietary patterns in children. PMID:26261017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kotler 2012 The influence of media characters on children's food choices. PMID:22475307 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lapierre 2011 Influence of licensed spokescharacters and health cues on children's ratings of cereal taste. PMID:21383272 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Leonard 2019 Kids, Caregivers, and Cartoons: The Impact of Licensed Characters on Food Choices and Consumption DOI:10.1177/0743915619827919 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Letona 2014 Effects of licensed characters on children's taste and snack preferences in Guatemala, a low/middle income country. PMID:24583854 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Levin 2010 Packaging of healthy and unhealthy food products for children and parents: The relative influence of licensed characters and brand names DOI:10.1002/cb.326 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lorenzoni 2017 Effect of TV advertising on energy intake of Georgian children: Results of an experimental study DOI:10.3233/mnm-17153 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lorenzoni 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Masserot 2010 Publicité et obésité enfantine. L'impact des annonces publicitaires télévisées sur les choix alimentaires des enfants DOI:10.3917/mav.037.0097 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Masterson 2019 Food commercials do not affect energy intake in a laboratory meal but do alter brain responses to visual food cues in children. PMID:30312738 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Matthes 2015 Children's consumption behavior in response to food product placements in movies DOI:10.1002/cb.1507 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| McAlister 2012 Collectible Toys as Marketing Tools: Understanding Preschool Children's Responses to Foods Paired with Premiums DOI:10.1509/jppm.10.067 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| McDarby 2018 Taking the sweetness out of the 'Share a Coke' marketing campaign: the influence of personalized labelling on elementary school children's… PMID:27884050 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| McGale 2016 The Influence of Brand Equity Characters on Children's Food Preferences and Choices. PMID:27473882 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| McGale 2020 The influence of front-of-pack portion size images on children's serving and intake of cereal. PMID:31747486 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Minaker 2011 Associations between the perceived presence of vending machines and food and beverage logos in schools and adolescents' diet and weight… PMID:21450139 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Naderer 2018 Children's attitudinal and behavioral reactions to product placements: investigating the role of placement frequency, placement… DOI:10.1080/02650487.2016.1218672 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Naderer 2018 Placing snacks in children's movies: cognitive, evaluative, and conative effects of product placements with character product interaction DOI:10.1080/02650487.2017.1348034 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Naderer 2018 Shaping children's healthy eating habits with food placements? Food placements of high and low nutritional value in cartoons, Children's… PMID:29056518 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Neyens 2017 Transferring game attitudes to the brand: persuasion from age 6 to 14 DOI:10.1080/02650487.2017.1349029 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Norman 2018 Sustained impact of energy-dense TV and online food advertising on children's dietary intake: a within-subject, randomised, crossover,… PMID:29650023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ogle 2017 Influence of Cartoon Media Characters on Children's Attention to and Preference for Food and Beverage Products. PMID:27793520 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Olafsdottir 2014 Young children's screen habits are associated with consumption of sweetened beverages independently of parental norms. PMID:23625133 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Pempek 2009 Tipping the balance: use of advergames to promote consumption of nutritious foods and beverages by low-income African American children. PMID:19581546 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Pettigrew 2013 The effects of television and Internet food advertising on parents and children. PMID:23635396 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Putnam 2018 Character Apps for Children's Snacks: Effects of Character Awareness on Snack Selection and Consumption Patterns. PMID:29297713 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Reimann 2017 Can a Toy Encourage Lower Calorie Meal Bundle Selection in Children? A Field Experiment on the Reinforcing Effects of Toys on Food Choice. PMID:28085904 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Roberto 2010 Influence of licensed characters on children's taste and snack preferences. PMID:20566614 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Royne 2017 Milk, juice, or cola? Exploring the effect of product placement on children's attitudes and behavior. PMID:28590884 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Scully 2012 Association between food marketing exposure and adolescents' food choices and eating behaviors. PMID:22001023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Silva 2020 The influence of television on the food habits of schoolchildren and its association with dental caries. PMID:32067395 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Simões 2014 The impact of event sponsorship on Portuguese children’s brand image and purchase intentions DOI:10.2501/ija-33-3-533-556 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Smith 2020 Advertising Placement in Digital Game Design Influences Children's Choices of Advertised Snacks: A Randomized Trial. PMID:31892500 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Smits 2012 Endorsing children’s appetite for healthy foods: Celebrity versus non-celebrity spokes-characters DOI:10.1515/commun-2012-0021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tarabashkina 2016 Food advertising, children's food choices and obesity: interplay of cognitive defences and product evaluation: an experimental study. PMID:26582137 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Toomey 2013 Branded product placement and pre‐teenaged consumers: influence on brand preference and choice DOI:10.1108/17473611311325573 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ueda 2014 Publicidade de alimentos e escolhas alimentares de crianças DOI:10.1590/s0102-37722014000100007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ülger 2008 Packages with Cartoon Trade Characters Versus Advertising: An Empirical Examination of Preschoolers' Food Preferences DOI:10.1080/10454440802470649 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Uribe 2015 The effects of TV unhealthy food brand placement on children. Its separate and joint effect with advertising. PMID:25839731 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Vecchio 2019 Even a very intense exposure to TV advertising promoting fruit consumption is not enough to make children eat more fruit: results from an… DOI:10.3233/mnm-180254 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |