aetiology :: Unclassified intervention -> Other outcome

Negative oral-health impact on daily performance measured by Child-OIDP · Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years · Cross-sectional (concurrent exposure and outcome); oral impacts recalled over the prior 6 months, Instrument subgroup: Child-OIDP

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers · Cross-sectional (single time point) for most; a few 6-month prospective, Overall (saliva + GCF)

Future caries · Children without a previous history of caries

TNF-α level · People who use electronic cigarettes · Saliva

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers · Cross-sectional (single time point) for most; a few 6-month prospective, Overall (saliva + GCF)

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) · Children and adolescents (0-18 years; most included reviews focused on <6 years)

IL-6 level · People who use electronic cigarettes · GCF

TNF-α level · People who use electronic cigarettes · GCF

Dry mouth (xerostomia) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (adolescents to adults) assessed for dental caries · Cross-sectional to 12 months

IL-6 level · People who use electronic cigarettes · Saliva

Negative oral-health impact on daily performance measured by OIDP · Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years · Cross-sectional (concurrent exposure and outcome); oral impacts recalled over the prior 6 months, Instrument subgroup: OIDP (all 3 studies)

TNF-α level · People who use electronic cigarettes · Overall

Negative oral-health impact on daily performance measured by OIDP · Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years · Cross-sectional (concurrent exposure and outcome); oral impacts recalled over the prior 6 months, Instrument subgroup: OIDP, sensitivity analysis excluding Krisdapong et al.

IL-1β level · People who use electronic cigarettes · Saliva

Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years)

Negative oral-health impact on daily performance (OIDP or Child-OIDP) · Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years · Cross-sectional (concurrent exposure and outcome); oral impacts recalled over the prior 6 months, Overall (all meta-analyzed studies pooled; both instruments and both caries definitions)

IL-6 level · People who use electronic cigarettes · Overall

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers · Cross-sectional (single time point) for most; a few 6-month prospective, Overall (saliva + GCF)

Veillonella spp. relative abundance · Young children with early childhood caries and caries-free controls

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers · Cross-sectional (single time point) for most; a few 6-month prospective, Overall (saliva + GCF)

Oral microbiota composition · Individuals assessed for oral microbiota (mainly children and adolescents)

Serum ferritin level · Children and adolescents (0-18 years; most included reviews focused on <6 years)

IL-8 level · People who use electronic cigarettes · GCF

Clinical attachment level (CAL) · Adults

Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years)

Veillonella spp. relative abundance · Children under 6 years with severe early childhood caries and caries-free controls

IL-1β level · People who use electronic cigarettes · Overall

IL-8 level · People who use electronic cigarettes · Saliva

Haemoglobin level · Children and adolescents (0-18 years; most included reviews focused on <6 years)

Relative abundance of Veillonella spp. · Individuals assessed for dental caries, predominantly children with early childhood caries (ECC) or severe ECC (age…

IL-1β level · People who use electronic cigarettes · GCF

Lacunar stroke · Adults

Dental erosion · Patients with anorexia nervosa aged >=12 years (mean age ~18.4; entirely female in reported data), general…

IL-8 level · People who use electronic cigarettes · Overall

Negative oral-health impact on daily performance (OIDP or Child-OIDP) · Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years · Cross-sectional (concurrent exposure and outcome); oral impacts recalled over the prior 6 months, Caries-definition subgroup: experience of dental caries

Veillonella dispar relative abundance · Children under 6 years with severe early childhood caries and caries-free controls

Negative oral-health impact on daily performance (OIDP or Child-OIDP) · Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years · Cross-sectional (concurrent exposure and outcome); oral impacts recalled over the prior 6 months, Caries-definition subgroup: presence of dental caries

Ever utilised dental services · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs · Lifetime (ever), Slum vs non-slum; urban vs rural; by sex

Parental concern / caregiver stress indices (parental perception and parenting stress about the child's oral health) · Parents/caregivers of children with disabilities (special needs; autism spectrum disorder or unspecified disability)… · Cross-sectional

Periodontitis (prevalence) · Adults · Adjusted OR

Dental service utilization · Adults in LMIC urban and slum settings

Prevalence of ICLs (mean number of lesions per subject) · Patients (permanent dentition) during or after fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances · During or after fixed orthodontic treatment (cross-sectional/at debonding), Overall (random-effects model)

Prenatal vitamin D deficiency prevalence · Pregnant mothers · Pregnancy, Overall

Dental service utilisation within the past year · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs · Past 12 months

Determinants of oral diseases · Adults in LMIC urban and slum settings

Periodontitis (prevalence) · Adults · Crude OR

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level · Preschool children ≤6 years, Asia · Asia

Proportion of ancient skulls with at least one non-carious cervical lesion (NCCL) · Ancient/prehistoric human skulls (excavated/archaeological skeletal remains) · Overall (all included studies)

Dental trauma prevalence · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs · Cross-sectional, Urban vs rural; slum vs non-slum

Alveolar bone loss (ABL) in OC cases vs controls · Adults in case-control studies (oral cancer patients vs healthy controls) · Not specified, ABL (alveolar bone loss)