What do systematic reviews say?

Nurse‐led care vs doctor‐led care

• Nurse‐led versus doctor‐led care for bronchiectasis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 80 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Vitamin A and beta (β)‐carotene supplementation for cystic fibrosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 24 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in number of days on antibiotics for acute exacerbations (moderate certainty).

• Standard (head‐down tilt) versus modified (without head‐down tilt) postural drainage in infants and young children… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 16 participants
  Moderate

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium alone

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with aclidinium alone (moderate certainty).

• Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.95 [0.71, 1.27]
  2 studies · 2156 participants
  Moderate

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.82 [0.6, 1.12]
  2 studies · 1960 participants
  Moderate

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to lower exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with formoterol (high certainty).

• Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.78 [0.62, 0.99]
  3 studies · 2694 participants
  High

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes any COPD exacerbation that requires short‐burst oral corticosteroids… compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

• Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.72 [0.35, 1.5]
  2 studies · 880 participants
  Very low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Self‐management for bronchiectasis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher antibiotic prescriptions (number of courses/person/year)… (low certainty).

• Haemophilus influenzae oral vaccination for preventing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.81 [1.35, 2.44]
  3 studies · 142 participants
  Low

Influenza vaccine vs control

Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower courses of antibiotics compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.59, 0.83]
  2 studies · 1223 participants
  Moderate

Umeclidinium bromide vs placebo

Umeclidinium bromide leads to lower number of participants with exacerbations requiring steroids,… compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.61 [0.46, 0.8]
  4 studies · 1922 participants
  High

Action plan vs usual care

• Action plans with brief patient education for exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 943 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Granulocyte transfusions for treating infections in people with neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Xylitol vs control

• Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Xylitol vs control

Xylitol showed no clear difference in antibiotic administration compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.69, 1.16]
  1 study · 326 participants
  Moderate
• Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.42, 0.97]
  1 study · 306 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes bacterial antibiotic resistance (very low certainty).

• Sequential versus standard triple first‐line therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0.13
  8 studies · 832 participants
  Very low

Fluoridated milk vs Non-fluoridated milk

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No evidence found. (No information was reported by the included study.)
  0 studies
  No studies found

Normal saline plus standard treatment vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether normal saline plus standard treatment changes antibiotic usage Patient‐reported usage compared with standard treatment alone (very low certainty).

• Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.65 [0.29, 1.46]
  2 studies · 422 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in symptomatic bacterial UTI in women with recent UTI Probiotics versus… (low certainty).

• Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.95, 1.33]
  1 study · 223 participants
  Low

Impregnated catheters vs antiseptic‐coated catheter

Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter showed no clear difference in symptomatic CAUTI: without microbiological evidence ‐ antibiotic… compared with antiseptic‐coated catheter (moderate certainty).

• Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.71, 1]
  1 study · 4250 participants
  Moderate