Intervention not reported
Antibiotics (1 RCT; 16 participants) · surgically induced remission in Crohn's disease
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes antibiotics (1 RCT; 16 participants) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations requiring antibiotics · management of bronchiectasis
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Respiratory outcomes: Antibiotic days per patient in past 3 months · children and adults with CF
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Number of days on antibiotics for acute exacerbations · infants and young children with cystic fibrosis
The intervention showed no clear difference in number of days on antibiotics for acute exacerbations (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with aclidinium alone (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to lower exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with formoterol (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Any COPD exacerbation that requires short‐burst oral corticosteroids or antibiotics, or both · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes any COPD exacerbation that requires short‐burst oral corticosteroids… compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations requiring antibiotics · people with non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Antibiotic prescriptions (number of courses/person/year) **Corticosteroids not meta‐analysed · adults (> 18 years of age) with either COPD or recurrent acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
The intervention may leads to higher antibiotic prescriptions (number of courses/person/year)… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of courses of antibiotics · infants and children
Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower courses of antibiotics compared with control (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Umeclidinium bromide leads to lower number of participants with exacerbations requiring steroids,… compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of courses of antibiotics · acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Number of days on therapeutic antibiotics ‐ not reported · treating infections in people with neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Antibiotic administration ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
1 finding from 1 review
Antibiotic administration · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol showed no clear difference in antibiotic administration compared with control (moderate certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Bacterial antibiotic resistance · participants with Helicobacter pylori infection
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes bacterial antibiotic resistance (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Antibiotics due to dental infections · general population
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Antibiotic usage Patient‐reported usage · patients with acute upper respiratory tract infections
It is very uncertain whether normal saline plus standard treatment changes antibiotic usage Patient‐reported usage compared with standard treatment alone (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Symptomatic bacterial UTI in women with recent UTI Probiotics versus antibiotics ( · adults and children at risk of UTI
The intervention showed no clear difference in symptomatic bacterial UTI in women with recent UTI Probiotics versus… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review