Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

311 questions · 316 findings · 105 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 14 · 4.4%GRADE not reported 11 · 3.5%Very low 143 · 45.3%Low 79 · 25%Moderate 66 · 20.9%High 3 · 0.9%

INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY

Adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia

INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) showed no clear difference in adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+26 weeks) as… compared with MAINTENANCE THERAPY (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs placebo

Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride changes leaving the study early (any reason) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

2 findings from 2 reviews · compare the 2 reviews

Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs control

Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability (combined time points) · recent‐onset psychosis (less than three years since the start of psychotic symptoms and either first or second psychotic episode)

Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus… showed no clear difference in leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability… compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics

Leaving the study early/ loss to · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics changes leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability… compared with CBT plus antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs no specific treatment

Leaving the study early/ loss to · schizophrenia

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics showed no clear difference in leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability… compared with no specific treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics

Leaving the study early/ loss to · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics changes leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability… compared with antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Magnetic seizure therapy plus standard care vs electroconvulsive therapy plus standard care

Dropout · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether magnetic seizure therapy plus standard care changes leaving the study early: any reasonassessed by: number of dropouts… compared with electroconvulsive therapy plus standard care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review