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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

130 questions · 132 findings · 60 reviews

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No studies found 4 · 3%GRADE not reported 34 · 25.8%Very low 19 · 14.4%Low 38 · 28.8%Moderate 23 · 17.4%High 14 · 10.6%

Acupuncture vs placebo

Preterm birth · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in preterm birth less than 37 weeks compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (a) Birth prior to 37 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Preterm birth less than 34 weeks' gestation · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (b) Birth prior to 34 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth (before 37 weeks' gestation) · pregnant women considered to be at risk of developing pre‐eclampsia

The intervention leads to lower preterm birth (before 37 weeks' gestation) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals vs calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D)

Preterm birth · pregnant women and their infants..

Vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm birth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Preterm birth · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron vs same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or placebo)

Preterm birth · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement vs conventional clinic measurement

Preterm birth less than 34 weeks' gestation · pregnant women with chronic or gestational hypertension

Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement showed no clear difference in preterm birth (birth before 34 completed weeks' gestation) compared with conventional clinic measurement (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care

Group antenatal care showed no clear difference in preterm birth (gestational age at time of birth less than 37 weeks'… compared with individual antenatal care (adjusted data) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review