What do systematic reviews say?

Exercise vs control

It is very uncertain whether exercise changes all‐cause mortality at end of intervention (range 2–10 months) compared with control (very low certainty).

• Exercise interventions for adults after liver transplantation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.14 [0.74, 13.37]
  2 studies · 155 participants
  Very low

Band ligation vs no intervention or a sham procedure

It is very uncertain whether band ligation changes all‐cause mortality compared with sham or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Band ligation versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children and… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.54 [0.11, 56.25]
  1 study · 22 participants
  Very low

Portosystemic shunts vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment

It is very uncertain whether portosystemic shunts changes all‐cause mortality compared with endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment (very low certainty).

• Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of rebleeding in… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.86, 1.13]
  27 studies · 1828 participants
  Very low

Distal splenorenal shunt vs endoscopic intervention

It is very uncertain whether distal splenorenal shunt changes all‐cause mortality compared with endoscopic intervention (very low certainty).

• Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of rebleeding in… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.65, 1.33]
  5 studies · 352 participants
  Very low

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts vs endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment

It is very uncertain whether transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt changes all‐cause mortality compared with endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment (very low certainty).

• Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of rebleeding in… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [0.92, 1.31]
  19 studies · 1312 participants
  Very low

Total shunt vs endoscopic intervention

It is very uncertain whether total shunt changes all‐cause mortality compared with endoscopic intervention (very low certainty).

• Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of rebleeding in… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.19, 1.13]
  3 studies · 164 participants
  Very low

Sclerotherapy vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether sclerotherapy changes all‐cause mortality compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.44, 2.5]
  1 study · 108 participants
  Very low

Radix Sophorae flavescentis vs placebo or no intervention

• Radix Sophorae flavescentis versus no intervention or placebo for chronic hepatitis B 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 86 participants
  Very low

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

• Antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.15 [0.01, 2.83]
  1 study · 782 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.57 [0.65, 3.79]
  3 studies · 367 participants
  Very low

Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.51, 1.45]
  27 studies · 1979 participants
  Very low

Xiao Chai Hu Tang formula vs no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Xiao Chai Hu Tang, a herbal medicine, for chronic hepatitis B 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Acupuncture vs no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Acupuncture for chronic hepatitis B 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.67, 1.42]
  14 studies · 1391 participants
  Very low

Bezafibrate vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether bezafibrate changes all‐cause mortality compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Bezafibrate for primary biliary cirrhosis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  3 studies · 60 participants
  Very low

Bisphosphonates vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether bisphosphonates changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis in primary biliary cirrhosis 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  2 studies · 46 participants
  Very low

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether hormone replacement changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Hormone replacement for osteoporosis in women with primary biliary cirrhosis 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  2 studies · 49 participants
  Very low

Flumazenil vs placebo

Flumazenil showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Flumazenil versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.48, 1.16]
  11 studies · 842 participants
  Low

Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid changes all‐cause mortality or liver transplantation compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.74, 1.25]
  15 studies · 1419 participants
  Very low