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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries
current versionsNo studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Age 6 years or younger vs Older than 6 years Gingivitis · School children aged 3-12 years in Sharjah clinic · Overall Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | OR 0.33 [0.17, 0.62] | 1 study · 405 participants | Ungraded |
Beta-thalassemia major vs Healthy Emirati children Dental caries prevalence · Children with beta-thalassemia major in Dubai · Children with beta-thalassemia major Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | Prevalence 68.4 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Visual examination (VE) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the 1/3 dentin caries detection level (Ekstrand; D0-2 versus D3-4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | Sensitivity 0.72 [0.52, 0.86] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries (ascertained mostly by WHO criteria/DMFT; also CAST, ICDAS, or clinical examination) vs None (descriptive prevalence meta-analysis) Dental caries prevalence · General Pakistani population (all ages and both sexes; predominantly children and adolescents) · City: Karachi Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) | Prevalence 61.988 [45.504, 77.161] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Observed population vs Not applicable Mean DMFT · School children aged 11-17 years in Sharjah · Overall Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | MEAN 3.19 | 1 study · 803 participants | Ungraded |
Observed population vs Not applicable Dental caries prevalence · School children aged 12-14 years in Dubai schools · Overall Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | Prevalence 41.6 | 1 study · 2237 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · Kenya Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021) | MEAN 1.410 [-0.045, 2.865] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Micro-invasive treatment (resin infiltration or sealing) vs Non-invasive / control treatment Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Patients with non-cavitated proximal (approximal) caries lesions (primary or permanent dentition) · Longest available follow-up, Primary dentition Infiltration and sealing for managing non-cavitated proximal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) | OR 0.30 [0.20, 0.45] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Conventional bitewing radiography (E-speed film) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.75 | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Direct composite resin restoration vs Amalgam restoration Harms: allergic reaction · People with permanent or adult posterior teeth requiring restoration (parallel-group trials involved children aged 6… Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent posterior teeth (2021) · Cochrane | We did not find any eligible studies that evaluated allergic reaction or injury (no studies reported on outcomes of relevance to allergic reaction). | 0 studies | No studies |
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard) Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (1/3 dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · 1/3 dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.95 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Digital bitewing radiography, phosphor plate (PSP) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.79 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Transillumination/OCT device used as an adjunct to a conventional visual examination vs Reference standard: histology, or enhanced visual examination with or without radiographs (also operative excavation, tooth separation, or microcomputed tomography) Outcome NR · Children or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of having enamel caries (clinical/in vivo studies);… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo; in vitro no limit if stored appropriately) Transillumination and optical coherence tomography for the detection and diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane | No studies formally reported the use of the illumination devices as an adjunct to a conventional visual examination, and therefore it has not been possible to make an assessment. | 0 studies | No studies |
Intervention NR Water samples with fluoride concentration outside the acceptable range · Region: South Brazil External control of fluoridation in the public water supplies of Brazilian cities as a strategy against… (2021) | Prevalence 50.7 [40.7, 60.6] | NR | Ungraded |
Analogue (conventional) radiographs vs Digital radiographs (direct within-person / paired comparison); reference standard: histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Digital Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane | Sensitivity 0.47 [0.36, 0.59] | 15 studies | Ungraded |
Conventional bitewing radiography, F-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard) Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (1/3 dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · 1/3 dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | DOR 283.6 [16.1, 5010.0] | 1 study | Ungraded |
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CT genotype vs TT genotype (heterozygous model) Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Permanent tooth caries Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021) | OR 1.65 [0.33, 8.35] | 3 studies · 1271 participants | Ungraded |
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation) Sensitivity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Medium prevalence of dentine caries (15% to 34%) Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane | Sensitivity 0.81 [0.72, 0.88] | NR | Ungraded |
CarieScan Pro device vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs) Specificity · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies) Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane | CarieScan Pro (3 studies, 244 tooth surfaces): specificity ranged from 0 to 1.00. | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Digital bitewing radiography, sensor-based (CCD/CMOS) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard) Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | Specificity 0.90 [0.85, 0.93] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Concomitant (concurrent) chemoradiotherapy vs Radiotherapy alone (non-resectable tumours) Locoregional control, concurrent chemoradiotherapy (platinum + 5-fluorouracil) vs radiotherapy alone (pooled) · People receiving curative-intent treatment for oral cavity and oropharyngeal (squamous cell) cancer Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.61, 0.93] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Incarcerated mother vs Comparison children Mean dmft · Preschool children of incarcerated mothers in UAE prison nurseries · Overall Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | MEAN 4.97 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Resin infiltration (Icon) vs Non-invasive treatment Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Patients with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions · Longest available follow-up, Caries risk: moderate to high Infiltration and sealing for managing non-cavitated proximal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) | OR 0.20 [0.10, 0.39] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination) Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Sensitivity analysis: low risk of bias for index test Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane | Sensitivity 0.51 [0.43, 0.61] | NR | Ungraded |
Resin infiltration vs Microabrasion Masking effect / color improvement · Patients with white spot lesions or developmental enamel defects Efficacy of resin infiltration to mask post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic white spot lesions or… (2021) | no estimate extracted | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination) Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Sensitivity analysis: excluding high/unclear risk of bias reference standard Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane | Sensitivity 0.51 [0.45, 0.57] | NR | Ungraded |
Conventional bitewing radiography (D-speed film) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.65 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Observed population vs Not applicable Fluorosis prevalence · School children in Dubai governmental schools · Overall Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | Prevalence 10.9 | 1 study · 779 participants | Ungraded |
Tooth brushing at least twice daily vs Brushing less than daily Mean plaque score · Children aged 5-6 years in Ajman schools · Overall Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | Adjusted difference -0.09 [-0.17, -0.00] | 1 study · 1036 participants | Ungraded |
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard) Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.84 | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Prison-nursery setting / incarcerated-mother household (oral health status) vs Counterparts (community children) Oral health status (caries, oral hygiene, treatment indices) · Preschool children of incarcerated mothers in UAE prison nurseries Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | Al Salami et al. reported caries prevalence of 89.8% (mean dmft 4.97) among preschool children of incarcerated mothers, similar to their counterparts, but worse oral hygiene, higher debris/plaque (93.8% vs 81.8%) and… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Rubber dam isolation and moisture control (alone or with saliva aspiration) vs Cotton rolls (with or without saliva aspiration) Costs: treatment/operation time · Dental patients undergoing direct or indirect restorative treatment (no age or gender restriction) · NCCL composite (Loguercio); fissure sealing (Ammann, narrative) Rubber dam isolation for restorative treatment in dental patients (2021) · Cochrane | MD -0.40 [-2.26, 1.46] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Snacking at least 3 times daily vs Snacking once daily Mean DMFT · Children aged 5-6 years in Ajman schools · Overall Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | ARR 1.25 [1.00, 1.57] | 1 study · 1036 participants | Ungraded |
Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 1-32 remaining teeth Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Adjusted for age/sex Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021) | HR 1.49 [1.39, 1.58] | 4 studies · 44937 participants | Ungraded |
Micro-invasive treatment (resin infiltration or sealing) vs Non-invasive / control treatment Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Patients with non-cavitated proximal (approximal) caries lesions (primary or permanent dentition) · Longest available follow-up Infiltration and sealing for managing non-cavitated proximal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) | OR 0.23 [0.18, 0.30] | 17 studies · 830 participants | Moderate |
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) vs Digital radiographs (direct within-person / paired comparison); reference standard: histology Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Digital Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane | Sensitivity 0.69 [0.57, 0.80] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Cerebral palsy vs Healthy age- and sex-matched controls Calculus index · Children with cerebral palsy in Dubai · Children with cerebral palsy Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | MEAN 0.56 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Down syndrome vs Healthy controls Dental caries prevalence · Children with Down syndrome in Dubai · Children with Down syndrome Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021) | Prevalence 57.6 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard) Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | AUC 0.85 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Sealant/coating agent WITHOUT fluoride release applied to teeth with fixed appliances vs No sealant (untreated control teeth) Initiation of white spot lesions (WSL), visual-tactile assessment · Patients of any age (11-40 years) receiving comprehensive/fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances · 3-27 months follow-up, Sealant without fluoride release Efficacy of sealants and bonding materials during fixed orthodontic treatment to prevent enamel… (2021) | RR 0.69 [0.49, 0.97] | 3 studies · 847 participants | Ungraded |
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CT/CC genotype vs TT genotype (dominant model) Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Ethnicity: Caucasian Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021) | OR 1.05 [0.65, 1.71] | 2 studies · 538 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Dental caries prevalence · Sensitivity analysis (leave-one-out maximum) Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021) | Prevalence 0.466 [0.391, 0.541] | 43 studies | Ungraded |
Conventional bitewing radiography (E-speed film) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | Specificity 0.98 [0.79, 0.998] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2095) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography) Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021) | Specificity 0.78 [0.68, 0.85] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Visual examination (VE) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021) | DOR 1.84 [0.03, 103.47] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Higher number of lost teeth (per one additional lost tooth) vs Fewer lost teeth (continuous, per-tooth increment) Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Crude Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021) | HR 1.01 [0.99, 1.03] | 1 study · 1385 participants | Ungraded |
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CT/CC genotype vs TT genotype (dominant model) Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Deciduous tooth decay Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021) | OR 1.39 [0.91, 2.15] | 2 studies · 929 participants | Ungraded |
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination) Specificity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Occlusal surfaces (non-CBCT) Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane | Specificity 0.88 [0.80, 0.93] | NR | Ungraded |
Other visual classification systems (unspecified or unique systems, e.g. Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation) Specificity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies) Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane | Specificity 0.84 [0.73, 0.91] | 16 studies | Ungraded |
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs TT genotype (homozygous model) Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Permanent tooth caries Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021) | OR 0.29 [0.16, 0.53] | 3 studies · 1271 participants | Ungraded |