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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries

current versions
No studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Age 6 years or younger vs Older than 6 years
Gingivitis · School children aged 3-12 years in Sharjah clinic · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
OR 0.33 [0.17, 0.62]1 study · 405 participantsUngraded
Beta-thalassemia major vs Healthy Emirati children
Dental caries prevalence · Children with beta-thalassemia major in Dubai · Children with beta-thalassemia major
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Prevalence 68.41 studyUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the 1/3 dentin caries detection level (Ekstrand; D0-2 versus D3-4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.72 [0.52, 0.86]3 studiesUngraded
Dental caries (ascertained mostly by WHO criteria/DMFT; also CAST, ICDAS, or clinical examination) vs None (descriptive prevalence meta-analysis)
Dental caries prevalence · General Pakistani population (all ages and both sexes; predominantly children and adolescents) · City: Karachi
Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
Prevalence 61.988 [45.504, 77.161]7 studiesUngraded
Observed population vs Not applicable
Mean DMFT · School children aged 11-17 years in Sharjah · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
MEAN 3.191 study · 803 participantsUngraded
Observed population vs Not applicable
Dental caries prevalence · School children aged 12-14 years in Dubai schools · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Prevalence 41.61 study · 2237 participantsUngraded
Intervention NR
Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · Kenya
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021)
MEAN 1.410 [-0.045, 2.865]4 studiesUngraded
Micro-invasive treatment (resin infiltration or sealing) vs Non-invasive / control treatment
Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Patients with non-cavitated proximal (approximal) caries lesions (primary or permanent dentition) · Longest available follow-up, Primary dentition
Infiltration and sealing for managing non-cavitated proximal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 0.30 [0.20, 0.45]5 studiesUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography (E-speed film) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.752 studiesUngraded
Direct composite resin restoration vs Amalgam restoration
Harms: allergic reaction · People with permanent or adult posterior teeth requiring restoration (parallel-group trials involved children aged 6…
Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent posterior teeth (2021) · Cochrane
We did not find any eligible studies that evaluated allergic reaction or injury (no studies reported on outcomes of relevance to allergic reaction).0 studiesNo studies
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (1/3 dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · 1/3 dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.951 studyUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography, phosphor plate (PSP) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.791 studyUngraded
Transillumination/OCT device used as an adjunct to a conventional visual examination vs Reference standard: histology, or enhanced visual examination with or without radiographs (also operative excavation, tooth separation, or microcomputed tomography)
Outcome NR · Children or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of having enamel caries (clinical/in vivo studies);… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo; in vitro no limit if stored appropriately)
Transillumination and optical coherence tomography for the detection and diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
No studies formally reported the use of the illumination devices as an adjunct to a conventional visual examination, and therefore it has not been possible to make an assessment.0 studiesNo studies
Intervention NR
Water samples with fluoride concentration outside the acceptable range · Region: South Brazil
External control of fluoridation in the public water supplies of Brazilian cities as a strategy against… (2021)
Prevalence 50.7 [40.7, 60.6]NRUngraded
Analogue (conventional) radiographs vs Digital radiographs (direct within-person / paired comparison); reference standard: histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination
Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Digital
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.47 [0.36, 0.59]15 studiesUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, F-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (1/3 dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · 1/3 dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 283.6 [16.1, 5010.0]1 studyUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CT genotype vs TT genotype (heterozygous model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Permanent tooth caries
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.65 [0.33, 8.35]3 studies · 1271 participantsUngraded
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Sensitivity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Medium prevalence of dentine caries (15% to 34%)
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.81 [0.72, 0.88]NRUngraded
CarieScan Pro device vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual examination (with or without radiographs)
Specificity · Children, adolescents, or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of early enamel caries (in vivo), or… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries (2021) · Cochrane
CarieScan Pro (3 studies, 244 tooth surfaces): specificity ranged from 0 to 1.00.3 studiesUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography, sensor-based (CCD/CMOS) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.90 [0.85, 0.93]12 studiesUngraded
Concomitant (concurrent) chemoradiotherapy vs Radiotherapy alone (non-resectable tumours)
Locoregional control, concurrent chemoradiotherapy (platinum + 5-fluorouracil) vs radiotherapy alone (pooled) · People receiving curative-intent treatment for oral cavity and oropharyngeal (squamous cell) cancer
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy (2021) · Cochrane
RR 0.75 [0.61, 0.93]3 studiesUngraded
Incarcerated mother vs Comparison children
Mean dmft · Preschool children of incarcerated mothers in UAE prison nurseries · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
MEAN 4.971 studyUngraded
Resin infiltration (Icon) vs Non-invasive treatment
Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Patients with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions · Longest available follow-up, Caries risk: moderate to high
Infiltration and sealing for managing non-cavitated proximal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 0.20 [0.10, 0.39]3 studiesUngraded
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Sensitivity analysis: low risk of bias for index test
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.51 [0.43, 0.61]NRUngraded
Resin infiltration vs Microabrasion
Masking effect / color improvement · Patients with white spot lesions or developmental enamel defects
Efficacy of resin infiltration to mask post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic white spot lesions or… (2021)
no estimate extracted2 studiesUngraded
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Sensitivity analysis: excluding high/unclear risk of bias reference standard
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.51 [0.45, 0.57]NRUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography (D-speed film) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.651 studyUngraded
Observed population vs Not applicable
Fluorosis prevalence · School children in Dubai governmental schools · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Prevalence 10.91 study · 779 participantsUngraded
Tooth brushing at least twice daily vs Brushing less than daily
Mean plaque score · Children aged 5-6 years in Ajman schools · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Adjusted difference -0.09 [-0.17, -0.00]1 study · 1036 participantsUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.849 studiesUngraded
Prison-nursery setting / incarcerated-mother household (oral health status) vs Counterparts (community children)
Oral health status (caries, oral hygiene, treatment indices) · Preschool children of incarcerated mothers in UAE prison nurseries
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Al Salami et al. reported caries prevalence of 89.8% (mean dmft 4.97) among preschool children of incarcerated mothers, similar to their counterparts, but worse oral hygiene, higher debris/plaque (93.8% vs 81.8%) and…1 studyUngraded
Rubber dam isolation and moisture control (alone or with saliva aspiration) vs Cotton rolls (with or without saliva aspiration)
Costs: treatment/operation time · Dental patients undergoing direct or indirect restorative treatment (no age or gender restriction) · NCCL composite (Loguercio); fissure sealing (Ammann, narrative)
Rubber dam isolation for restorative treatment in dental patients (2021) · Cochrane
MD -0.40 [-2.26, 1.46]1 study · 30 participantsVery low
Snacking at least 3 times daily vs Snacking once daily
Mean DMFT · Children aged 5-6 years in Ajman schools · Overall
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
ARR 1.25 [1.00, 1.57]1 study · 1036 participantsUngraded
Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 1-32 remaining teeth
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Adjusted for age/sex
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
HR 1.49 [1.39, 1.58]4 studies · 44937 participantsUngraded
Micro-invasive treatment (resin infiltration or sealing) vs Non-invasive / control treatment
Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Patients with non-cavitated proximal (approximal) caries lesions (primary or permanent dentition) · Longest available follow-up
Infiltration and sealing for managing non-cavitated proximal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 0.23 [0.18, 0.30]17 studies · 830 participantsModerate
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) vs Digital radiographs (direct within-person / paired comparison); reference standard: histology
Sensitivity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Digital
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.69 [0.57, 0.80]6 studiesUngraded
Cerebral palsy vs Healthy age- and sex-matched controls
Calculus index · Children with cerebral palsy in Dubai · Children with cerebral palsy
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
MEAN 0.561 studyUngraded
Down syndrome vs Healthy controls
Dental caries prevalence · Children with Down syndrome in Dubai · Children with Down syndrome
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
Prevalence 57.61 studyUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.851 studyUngraded
Sealant/coating agent WITHOUT fluoride release applied to teeth with fixed appliances vs No sealant (untreated control teeth)
Initiation of white spot lesions (WSL), visual-tactile assessment · Patients of any age (11-40 years) receiving comprehensive/fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances · 3-27 months follow-up, Sealant without fluoride release
Efficacy of sealants and bonding materials during fixed orthodontic treatment to prevent enamel… (2021)
RR 0.69 [0.49, 0.97]3 studies · 847 participantsUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CT/CC genotype vs TT genotype (dominant model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Ethnicity: Caucasian
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.05 [0.65, 1.71]2 studies · 538 participantsUngraded
Intervention NR
Dental caries prevalence · Sensitivity analysis (leave-one-out maximum)
Prevalence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in East Africa, 2000-2020: Systematic Review and… (2021)
Prevalence 0.466 [0.391, 0.541]43 studiesUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography (E-speed film) vs Cavity preparation or biopsy (operative validation)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in patients, occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.98 [0.79, 0.998]2 studiesUngraded
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2095) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.78 [0.68, 0.85]7 studiesUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Direct visual examination after tooth separation or bioptical cavity preparation
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Patients with permanent posterior teeth, proximal surfaces assessed clinically (in vivo) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 1.84 [0.03, 103.47]2 studiesUngraded
Higher number of lost teeth (per one additional lost tooth) vs Fewer lost teeth (continuous, per-tooth increment)
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies · Crude
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of… (2021)
HR 1.01 [0.99, 1.03]1 study · 1385 participantsUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CT/CC genotype vs TT genotype (dominant model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Deciduous tooth decay
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 1.39 [0.91, 2.15]2 studies · 929 participantsUngraded
Radiographic imaging methods (any: analogue radiographs, digital radiographs, or CBCT) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Specificity for detection and diagnosis of early (enamel) caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Occlusal surfaces (non-CBCT)
Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.88 [0.80, 0.93]NRUngraded
Other visual classification systems (unspecified or unique systems, e.g. Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Specificity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Specificity 0.84 [0.73, 0.91]16 studiesUngraded
TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene (C allele / variant genotype) vs CC genotype vs TT genotype (homozygous model)
Dental caries susceptibility (risk of dental caries) · Children and adults (no age limit) assessed for dental caries susceptibility · Dentition: Permanent tooth caries
Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. (2021)
OR 0.29 [0.16, 0.53]3 studies · 1271 participantsUngraded