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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
nCaF2 primer vs Control Transbond primer Enamel demineralization (DIAGNOdent score) · Patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment · 1, 3, and 6 months after bonding Can Orthodontic Adhesive Systems Inhibit the Formation and Development of White Spot Lesions During Fixed… (2024) | Statistically significant scores in favor of the nCaF2 primer at T1, T3, and T6 (p-value = 0.000). | 1 study · 31 participants | Ungraded |
Not applicable (single-group prevalence) vs Not applicable (single-group prevalence) Proportion of ancient skulls with at least one non-carious cervical lesion (NCCL) · Ancient/prehistoric human skulls (excavated/archaeological skeletal remains) · Overall (all included studies) Investigation of the presence of Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) in ancient adult skulls: analyzing… (2024) | Proportion 0.014 [0.001, 0.027] | 6 studies · 805 participants | Ungraded |
C allele vs T allele Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Allelic model (C vs T) Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.33 [1.03, 1.71] | 3 studies · 1329 participants | Ungraded |
Remineralizing orthodontic adhesives vs Control orthodontic adhesives Enamel remineralization or anti-demineralization · Human teeth with early enamel lesions surrounding orthodontic brackets · 5 days to 6 months Remineralization and anti-demineralization effect of orthodontic adhesives on enamel surrounding orthodontic… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 24 studies | Ungraded |
Extraction of the permanent first molar vs None (single-group prevalence) Spontaneous space closure · Children and adolescents (<18 years) after extraction of a permanent first molar before eruption of the permanent… · Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years), Mandible Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a… (2024) | Prevalence 48.1 [34.5, 62.0] | 11 studies · 1095 participants | Ungraded |
Periodontitis vs No periodontitis (periodontal health or gingivitis) Dental caries (prevalence) · Adults · Age 30-64 years Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2024) | OR 1.67 [1.37, 2.03] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Surgically-anchored orthodontic treatment (miniplates) vs Untreated control (no treatment) Perceived need for surgery in adulthood · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | SoF2: Perceived need for surgery in adulthood - Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Study quality (NOS): Low RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 0.95 [0.39, 2.33] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged <6 years · Confounder adjustment: No RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 0.98 [0.66, 1.47] | 15 studies | Ungraded |
Higher mean patient age (per 1 year) vs Lower mean patient age (per 1-year decrement) Spontaneous space closure · Children and adolescents after extraction of a mandibular permanent first molar (before eruption of the second molar) · Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years), Mandible Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a… (2024) | OR 0.59 [0.20, >100.00] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Pharmacological therapy Frequency of joint noise · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 6 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Spirulina vs Oxitard (antioxidant) Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · Less than 3 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD -2.60 [-3.82, -1.38] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Sealants or resin infiltration Aesthetics · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane | No studies reported data for this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Occlusal splint vs Physical therapy (ultrasound, exercise, sensorimotor training, laser, TENS, manual therapy) Depression · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term, Disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.25 [-0.52, 0.02] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
CC+CT genotypes vs TT genotype Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Dominant model (CC+CT vs TT) Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.87 [1.15, 3.04] | 3 studies · 1329 participants | Ungraded |
Orthodontic removable traction appliance (ORTA) vs Untreated control (no treatment) Overjet · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 6.20 [5.52, 6.88] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Cesarean section delivery vs Vaginal delivery Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children with average age >3 years · Average age: >3 years RETRACTED: The association between mode of childbirth delivery and early childhood caries: A comprehensive… (2024) | OR 1.24 [0.89, 1.71] | 14 studies | Ungraded |
Superelastic NiTi arch wire vs Thermoelastic NiTi arch wire Time to next/working arch wire · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch) Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.40 [-0.11, 0.91] | 1 study · 86 participants | Ungraded |
Used a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste or less vs Used more than a pea-sized amount Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years · Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years) Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.92 [0.66, 1.28] | 3 studies · 2037 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Veillonella spp. association with caries (qualitative) A systematic review of Streptococcus Mutans and Veillonellae species interactions in dental caries… (2024) | Veillonella spp. associated with caries; no quantitative estimate reported | 1 study | Ungraded |
Single preoperative dose of systemic antibiotics (clindamycin 600 mg), total chemo-mechanical debridement and root filling vs Matched placebo, total chemo-mechanical debridement and root filling Pain at 24 hours · Adults with symptomatic apical periodontitis (no signs of spreading infection or systemic involvement) · 24 hours Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults (2024) · Cochrane | The median pain at 24 hours in the control group was 3 (range 0 to 10); the median pain at 24 hours in the intervention group was the same (median 3, range 0 to 8). P = 0.219 (Mann-Whitney U). | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Occlusal splint vs Acupuncture Muscle pain when chewing · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (1 month), Myofascial pain TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-0.80, 1.00] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Second molar distally inclined at extraction vs Second molar upright at extraction Spontaneous space closure · Children and adolescents after extraction of a mandibular permanent first molar (before eruption of the second molar) · Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years), Mandible Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a… (2024) | OR 1.18 [0.43, 3.21] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l vs Serum 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/l Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children ≤6 years The Association Between Vitamin D and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024) | OR 2.00 [1.76, 2.28] | 6 studies · 4807 participants | Ungraded |
Slum / urban-disadvantaged setting vs Non-slum urban / general-urban / national population Dental caries experience (mean DMFT) · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs · Cross-sectional Systematic review of oral health in slums and non-slum urban settings of Low and Middle-Income Countries… (2024) | Mean DMFT (usually reported at population level) ranged from 0.26 to 16.6 across studies; the Missing component was typically highest and the Filled component lowest, reflecting limited access to dental care. | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries) · Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood, Sample size: <=1000 Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.63 [1.11, 2.40] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Highest BMI category (overweight/obese) vs Lowest BMI category (normal weight/underweight) Dental caries / early childhood caries (ECC) · Children (approx. 4-18 years) · Age: 7-15 years Childhood obesity in relation to risk of dental caries: a cumulative and dose-response systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.25 [0.87, 1.81] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Lycopene plus intralesional betamethasone vs Placebo Severity of oral/mucosal burning pain/sensation · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | Kumar 2007 reported burning sensation using a non-validated scale; not included in quantitative analysis. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Buccal fat pad graft vs Extended nasolabial flap Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · Less than 3 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD -7.25 [-14.19, -0.31] | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low |
Single-strand superelastic NiTi arch wire vs Coaxial superelastic NiTi arch wire Time to alignment · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch) Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (2024) · Cochrane | Time to alignment: not reported | 0 studies | No studies |
Slum / urban-disadvantaged setting vs Non-slum urban / general-urban / national population Dental trauma prevalence · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs · Cross-sectional, Urban vs rural; slum vs non-slum Systematic review of oral health in slums and non-slum urban settings of Low and Middle-Income Countries… (2024) | Dental trauma was more prevalent in urban than rural settings and among disadvantaged groups; Osuh 2022 reported 32% (slum) vs 21% (non-slum); Tobin & Ajayi 2017 found 87.5% of trauma cases in urban vs rural areas… | NR | Ungraded |
Non-surgical orthodontic treatment (any: facemask, chin cup, tandem traction bow, mandibular headgear, ORTA, reverse Twin Block, Reverse Forsus) vs No treatment Wits appraisal · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 4.75 [4.15, 5.35] | 4 studies · 155 participants | Ungraded |
Postoperative systemic antibiotics (phenoxymethylpenicillin/penicillin VK, 7-day course), partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics vs Matched placebo, partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics Swelling at 24 hours · Adults with a symptomatic necrotic tooth or localised acute apical abscess (no signs of spreading infection or… · 24 hours Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults (2024) · Cochrane | SMD 0.27 [-0.23, 0.78] | 2 studies · 62 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Dental caries (early childhood caries) · Narrative single study (Lima 2016): no nocturnal BF vs nocturnal BF at 16 months Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024) | OR 0.51 [0.39, 0.65] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intralesional steroid injections vs Alternative medicinal treatments Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · 3 to 6 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.57 [-2.34, 1.19] | 3 studies · 98 participants | Low |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Sealants or resin infiltration Primary caries prevention · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) · Permanent dentition (root) Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane | No studies reported data in this dentition type | 0 studies | No studies |
Surgery plus Heister jaw opener vs Surgery plus wooden tongue depressors Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · More than 6 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.60 [0.01, 1.19] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Occlusal splint vs Another occlusal splint with a different mechanism of action Frequency of joint noise · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (3 months), Disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.80 [0.07, 9.18] | 1 study · 9 participants | Very low |
Presence of oral Candida albicans vs Absence of oral Candida albicans Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged ≤6 years (early childhood) · Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years, Sample collection: saliva RETRACTED: Investigating the association between Candida albicans and early childhood dental caries: A… (2024) | OR 4.70 [2.44, 9.09] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Postoperative systemic antibiotics (phenoxymethylpenicillin/penicillin VK, 7-day course), partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics vs Matched placebo, partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics Pain at 48 hours · Adults with a symptomatic necrotic tooth or localised acute apical abscess (no signs of spreading infection or… · 48 hours Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.32 [-0.22, 0.86] | 2 studies · 61 participants | Ungraded |
Adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) applied after subgingival instrumentation (SI) vs Subgingival instrumentation (SI) alone (hand or power-driven, or both), or SI plus placebo/sham aPDT Change in probing pocket depth (PPD) · Adults (> 18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of periodontitis, receiving active (non-surgical anti-infective) treatment · 6 months (change from baseline) Adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for treating periodontal and peri‐implant diseases (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.52 [0.31, 0.74] | 15 studies · 452 participants | Very low |
Occlusal splint vs Physical therapy (ultrasound, exercise, sensorimotor training, laser, TENS, manual therapy) Severity of joint noise · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Long term (4 months), Mixed TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD 5.92 [0.18, 11.66] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Facemask with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) vs Pushing Splints Wits appraisal · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.70 [-0.60, 2.00] | 1 study · 42 participants | Ungraded |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Placebo or no treatment Caries arrest · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) · 24 months, Permanent dentition (root) Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.24 [0.12, 0.36] | 1 study · 158 participants | Very low |
AA genotype vs AG+GG genotypes Dental caries · Children (<18 years) with vs without dental caries · Recessive model (AA vs AG+GG) Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and… (2024) | OR 1.09 [0.70, 1.71] | 3 studies · 855 participants | Ungraded |
NiTi arch wire of one cross-sectional size vs NiTi arch wire of a different cross-sectional size Pain · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch) · 7 days Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (2024) · Cochrane | Different sizes of NiTi wires (Alhaija 2021; Erdinc 2004); not pooled due to clinical heterogeneity; little or no difference at day 1. Erdinc 0.014 vs 0.016 inch higher pain at day 4 MD 5.00 (0.19 to 9.81) and day 6 MD… | 2 studies · 149 participants | Low |
Teledentistry diagnosis using DSLR or smartphone extra-oral photographs vs Visual or clinical examination Negative predictive value for dental caries diagnosis · Children and adults with primary or permanent dentition · Overall Teledentistry accuracy for caries diagnosis: a systematic review of in-vivo studies using extra-oral… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 10 studies | Ungraded |
Oral cancer patients (cases) vs Healthy controls Alveolar bone loss (ABL) in OC cases vs controls · Adults in case-control studies (oral cancer patients vs healthy controls) · Not specified, ABL (alveolar bone loss) Periodontitis and the risk of oral cancer: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. (2024) | SMD 0.18 [-2.34, 2.69] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Behavioural therapy (counselling, CBT, relaxation, self-care management) Joint pain at rest · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (1 month), Mixed TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -2.59 [-4.21, -0.97] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Sealants or resin infiltration Primary caries prevention · Children and adults (with or without carious lesions) · 18 months, Permanent dentition (coronal) Topical silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for preventing and managing dental caries in children and adults (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.76 [0.74, 4.20] | 1 study · 242 participants | Very low |