Non-Cochrane · intervention · PMC13706555
Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for BONE Regeneration in Animal Models of Cranial Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2026 · PubMed
Findings
Population Animal models of cranial (calvarial) defects
20 findings
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) 1-2 months (middle) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression moderator: Follow-up weeks Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | QM = 0.019, df = 1, p = 0.891, R2 = 0% GRADE not reported 27 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) After 2 months (late; 3 months) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression moderator: Defect size Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | QM = 0.01, df = 1, p = 0.922, R2 = 0% GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Overall | MD 1.68 [0.34, 3.03] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 194 participants |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) After 2 months (late; 3 months) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression, animal species: Dog vs. rat | Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) -0.556 [-15.803, 14.691] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) After 2 months (late; 3 months) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Overall | MD 2.22 [-1.36, 5.8] GRADE not reported 15 studies · 122 participants |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) After 2 months (late; 3 months) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression moderator: Animal species Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | QM = 0.163, df = 3, p = 0.983, R2 = 0% GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression, animal species: Rabbit vs. rat | Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) 0.853 [-4.49, 6.195] GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression, animal species: Mice vs. rat | Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) -4.258 [-8.216, -0.3] GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) After 2 months (late; 3 months) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression moderator: Follow-up weeks Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | QM = 0.099, df = 1, p = 0.753, R2 = 0% GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression moderator: Animal species Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | QM = 9.509, df = 3, p = 0.023, R2 = 28.8% GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) 1-2 months (middle) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression moderator: Defect size Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | QM = 0.148, df = 1, p = 0.701, R2 = 0% GRADE not reported 27 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) After 2 months (late; 3 months) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression, animal species: Mice vs. rat | Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) -0.646 [-15.869, 14.577] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) 1-2 months (middle) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression moderator: Animal species Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | QM = 3.742, df = 2, p = 0.154, R2 = 6.4% GRADE not reported 27 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) After 2 months (late; 3 months) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression, animal species: Rabbit vs. rat | Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) 1.527 [-6.989, 10.044] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression moderator: Defect size Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | QM = 0.703, df = 1, p = 0.402, R2 = 0% GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) 1-2 months (middle) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Overall | MD 5.6 [3.48, 7.72] GRADE not reported 25 studies · 260 participants |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) 1-2 months (middle) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression, animal species: Mice vs. rat | Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) 10.748 [-0.505, 22.001] GRADE not reported 27 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression, animal species: Pig vs. rat | Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) -6.987 [-12.867, -1.108] GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) 1-2 months (middle) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression, animal species: Rabbit vs. rat | Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) 1.677 [-3.37, 6.723] GRADE not reported 27 studies |
| Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold | Empty defect | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month) · Preclinical animal cranial defect models · Meta-regression moderator: Follow-up weeks Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | QM = 0.334, df = 1, p = 0.563, R2 = 0% GRADE not reported 20 studies |
Included primary studies 63
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. S. Kim 2014 A polycaprolactone/cuttlefish bone‐derived hydroxyapatite composite porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering DOI:10.1002/jbm.b.33075 | 2013 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| B. Wang 2023 ZIF-8 induced hydroxyapatite-like crystals enabled superior osteogenic ability of MEW printing PCL scaffolds DOI:10.1186/s12951-023-02007-w | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Bojedla 2023 Augmented Repair and Regeneration of Critical Size Rabbit Calvaria Defects with 3D Printed Silk Fibroin Microfibers Reinforced PCL… DOI:10.1007/s44174-023-00072-1 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Dai 2022 Attapulgite-doped electrospun PCL scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration in rat cranium defects DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2022.112656 | 2022 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Dai 2022 Attapulgite-doped electrospun PCL scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration in rat cranium defects. PMID:35034813 | 2022 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Dai 2024 Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite on 3D-Printed Nanoattapulgite/Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration of Rat Cranium Defects DOI:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00871 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Dai 2024 Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite on 3D-Printed Nanoattapulgite/Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration of Rat Cranium Defects. PMID:38146624 | 2024 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| de Souza Araujo 2022 Self-assembling peptide-laden electrospun scaffolds for guided mineralized tissue regeneration DOI:10.1016/j.dental.2022.09.011 | 2022 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| de Souza Araújo 2022 Self-assembling peptide-laden electrospun scaffolds for guided mineralized tissue regeneration. PMID:36180310 | 2022 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Deng 2019 Bioinspired and osteopromotive polydopamine nanoparticle-incorporated fibrous membranes for robust bone regeneration DOI:10.1038/s41427-019-0139-5 | 2019 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Guo 2025 Silver nanoparticle-assembled guided bone regeneration membranes showcase dual functions: Initial bacterial elimination and subsequent… DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113882 | 2025 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| H. Xu 2022 Stem Cell-Seeded 3D-Printed Scaffolds Combined with Self-Assembling Peptides for Bone Defect Repair DOI:10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0055 | 2022 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| He 2023 Electrospun polycaprolactone incorporated with fluorapatite nanoparticles composite scaffolds enhance healing of experimental calvarial… PMID:37404984 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| He 2024 Decellularized extracellular matrix coupled with polycaprolactone/laponite to construct a biomimetic barrier membrane for bone defect… PMID:38986979 | 2024 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Huan 2023 3D bioprinted autologous bone particle scaffolds for cranioplasty promote bone regeneration with both implanted and native BMSCs DOI:10.1088/1758-5090/acbe21 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Huan 2023 3D bioprinted autologous bone particle scaffolds for cranioplasty promote bone regeneration with both implanted and native BMSCs. PMID:36812580 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| J. Y. Kim 2018 Synergistic Effects of Beta Tri‐Calcium Phosphate and Porcine‐Derived Decellularized Bone Extracellular Matrix in 3D‐Printed… DOI:10.1002/mabi.201800025 | 2018 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Janmohammadi 2024 Evaluation of new bone formation in critical-sized rat calvarial defect using 3D printed polycaprolactone/tragacanth gum-bioactive glass… DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132361 | 2024 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Janmohammadi 2024 Evaluation of new bone formation in critical-sized rat calvarial defect using 3D printed polycaprolactone/tragacanth gum-bioactive glass… PMID:38750857 | 2024 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Jensen 2016 Dental pulp-derived stromal cells exhibit a higher osteogenic potency than bone marrow-derived stromal cells in vitro and in a porcine… DOI:10.1051/sicotj/2016004 | 2016 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Jensen 2016 Dental pulp-derived stromal cells exhibit a higher osteogenic potency than bone marrow-derived stromal cells in vitro and in a porcine… PMID:27163105 | 2016 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Jiang 2024 A Biomimetic Fibrous Composite Scaffold with Nanotopography-Regulated Mineralization for Bone Defect Repair DOI:10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00378 | 2024 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Jiang 2024 A Biomimetic Fibrous Composite Scaffold with Nanotopography-Regulated Mineralization for Bone Defect Repair. PMID:38743836 | 2024 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Khanna 2017 Comparative bone regeneration study of hardystonite and hydroxyapatite as filler in critical-sized defect of rat calvaria DOI:10.1039/c7ra05039a | 2017 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2014 A polycaprolactone/cuttlefish bone-derived hydroxyapatite composite porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering. PMID:24259295 | 2014 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2018 Synergistic Effects of Beta Tri-Calcium Phosphate and Porcine-Derived Decellularized Bone Extracellular Matrix in 3D-Printed… PMID:29687597 | 2018 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Li 2019 Accelerating Bone Healing by Decorating BMP-2 on Porous Composite Scaffolds. PMID:35021565 | 2019 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Li 2025 Three-dimensional-printed hydroxyapatite/nanoclay/polycaprolactone composite scaffold for immunomodulation and bone defect repair DOI:10.36922/ijb025170162 | 2025 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Liu 2025 Manganese-doped oleic acid functionalized whitlockite/polycaprolactone nanocomposite scaffolds enhance bone regeneration through improved… DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2025.164681 | 2025 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Liu 2026 Magnesium-containing composite hydrogel scaffolds with immunomodulatory and osteogenic dual effects enhance bone defect repair via CD4+ T… DOI:10.1016/j.jma.2025.07.020 | 2026 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Lv 2025 An electrospun membrane incorporating lipocalin 2-enhanced exosomes effectively facilitated the repair of critical bone defects DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146674 | 2025 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Lv 2025 An electrospun membrane incorporating lipocalin 2-enhanced exosomes effectively facilitated the repair of critical bone defects. PMID:40780325 | 2025 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| M. He 2024 Decellularized extracellular matrix coupled with polycaprolactone/laponite to construct a biomimetic barrier membrane for bone defect repair DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133775 | 2024 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Moncal 2018 3D printing of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(D,L-lactide-<i>co</i>-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite constructs for bone tissue engineering DOI:10.1557/jmr.2018.111 | 2018 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Padalhin 2021 Boosting osteogenic potential and bone regeneration by co-cultured cell derived extracellular matrix incorporated porous electrospun… DOI:10.1080/09205063.2020.1869879 | 2021 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Padalhin 2021 Boosting osteogenic potential and bone regeneration by co-cultured cell derived extracellular matrix incorporated porous electrospun… PMID:33375905 | 2021 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Qureshi 2015 Photoactivated miR-148b–nanoparticle conjugates improve closure of critical size mouse calvarial defects DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.010 | 2015 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Qureshi 2015 Photoactivated miR-148b-nanoparticle conjugates improve closure of critical size mouse calvarial defects. PMID:25462528 | 2015 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Rezai-Rad 2015 Evaluation of bone regeneration potential of dental follicle stem cells for treatment of craniofacial defects DOI:10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.07.013 | 2015 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Rezai-Rad 2015 Evaluation of bone regeneration potential of dental follicle stem cells for treatment of craniofacial defects. PMID:26342992 | 2015 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| S. He 2023 Electrospun polycaprolactone incorporated with fluorapatite nanoparticles composite scaffolds enhance healing of experimental calvarial… DOI:10.21037/atm-22-4865 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Tang 2026 Immunomodulatory 3D-printed hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate/polycaprolactone scaffolds promote bone regeneration via macrophage… DOI:10.36922/ijb026060049 | 2026 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Toprak 2021 BMP-6 carrying metal organic framework-embedded in bioresorbable electrospun fibers for enhanced bone regeneration DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2020.111738 | 2021 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Toprak 2021 BMP-6 carrying metal organic framework-embedded in bioresorbable electrospun fibers for enhanced bone regeneration. PMID:33545881 | 2021 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| W. Wang 2019 Engineered 3D printed poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/graphene scaffolds for bone tissue engineering DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.047 | 2019 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2019 Engineered 3D printed poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/graphene scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. PMID:30948113 | 2019 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2020 Osteogenic growth peptide-loaded 3D-printed PCL scaffolds for the promotion of osteogenesis through the ERK pathway DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108811 | 2020 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2023 ZIF-8 induced hydroxyapatite-like crystals enabled superior osteogenic ability of MEW printing PCL scaffolds. PMID:37563652 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2024 An osteoimmunomodulatory Ca2+/Zn2+-doped scaffold promotes M2 macrophage polarization via the src-mediated chemoking signaling pathway to… DOI:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111653 | 2024 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2024 Dual Mg-Reinforced PCL Membrane with a Janus Structure for Vascularized Bone Regeneration and Bacterial Elimination. PMID:38065085 | 2024 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Wu 2021 Biomimetic three-layered membranes comprising (poly)-ε-caprolactone, collagen and mineralized collagen for guided bone regeneration DOI:10.1093/rb/rbab065 | 2021 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Wu 2021 Biomimetic three-layered membranes comprising (poly)-ε-caprolactone, collagen and mineralized collagen for guided bone regeneration. PMID:34881047 | 2021 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| X. Li 2019 Accelerating Bone Healing by Decorating BMP-2 on Porous Composite Scaffolds DOI:10.1021/acsabm.9b00761 | 2019 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| X. Wang 2024 Dual Mg-Reinforced PCL Membrane with a Janus Structure for Vascularized Bone Regeneration and Bacterial Elimination DOI:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01360 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| X. Xu 2023 Nanosilicate-functionalized nanofibrous membrane facilitated periodontal regeneration potential by harnessing periodontal ligament… DOI:10.1186/s12951-023-01982-4 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Xing 2022 Nanotopographical 3D-Printed Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds Enhance Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Urine-Derived Stem… DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics14071437 | 2022 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Xing 2022 Nanotopographical 3D-Printed Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds Enhance Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Urine-Derived Stem… PMID:35890332 | 2022 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Xu 2022 Stem Cell-Seeded 3D-Printed Scaffolds Combined with Self-Assembling Peptides for Bone Defect Repair. PMID:34157886 | 2022 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Xu 2023 Nanosilicate-functionalized nanofibrous membrane facilitated periodontal regeneration potential by harnessing periodontal ligament… PMID:37443072 | 2023 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2025 Investigation and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Poly(ε-caprolactone) Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds with a Polydopamine… DOI:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00682 | 2025 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage); Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at 1-2 months (middle stage) | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2025 Investigation and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Poly(ε-caprolactone) Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds with a Polydopamine… PMID:40571647 | 2025 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
| Zhong 2020 3D printing of metal–organic framework incorporated porous scaffolds to promote osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration DOI:10.1039/d0nr06297a | 2020 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) after 2 months (late stage, 3 months) | not extracted yet |
| Zhong 2020 3D printing of metal-organic framework incorporated porous scaffolds to promote osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration. PMID:33305769 | 2020 | this review only | Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) | not extracted yet |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Animal models of cranial defects | Rat, mouse, rabbit, pig and dog cranial defect models (n=37 studies) |
| Intervention | Eligible PCL scaffolds (PCL as sole scaffold material, no added materials or bioactive agents) | PCL scaffolds (electrospun, 3D printed and other fabrication methods) |
| Comparison | Empty defect | Empty defect (blank control) |
| Outcomes | Bone regeneration; BV/TV (%) as the quantitative outcome for meta-analysis | BV/TV (%): 1 month (97 animals per group), 1-2 months (130 per group), >2 months (59 PCL, 63 control) |
| Study designs | Preclinical in vivo animal studies with cranial defect | Animal studies (n=37) |
| Timing | Early (1 month), middle (1-2 months), late (>2 months) follow-up | 1 month (20 studies), 1-2 months (27 studies), >2 months (16 studies) |