Primary study · included by 1 review

Magnesium-containing composite hydrogel scaffolds with immunomodulatory and osteogenic dual effects enhance bone defect repair via CD4+ T cells modulation

S. Liu 2026 · Liu Shubo, Chen Qinghua, Xu Yaowen, et al. · Journal of Magnesium and Alloys · 2026

Included by

Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for BONE Regeneration in Animal Models of Cranial Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Non-Cochrane · intervention · 2026 · cited as Liu 2026 · Table 2; reference 34

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold vs Empty defect · 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month)	QM = 9.509, df = 3, p = 0.023, R2 = 28.8%	20 studies	GRADE not reported
Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold vs Empty defect · 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month)	Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) 0.853 [-4.49, 6.195]	20 studies	GRADE not reported
Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold vs Empty defect · 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month)	MD 1.68 [0.34, 3.03]	18 studies · 194 participants	GRADE not reported
Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold vs Empty defect · 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month)	Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) -4.258 [-8.216, -0.3]	20 studies	GRADE not reported
Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold vs Empty defect · 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month)	QM = 0.703, df = 1, p = 0.402, R2 = 0%	20 studies	GRADE not reported
Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold vs Empty defect · 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month)	Meta-regression beta (difference in MD, %) -6.987 [-12.867, -1.108]	20 studies	GRADE not reported
Bone regeneration (BV/TV, %) at one month (early stage) Polycaprolactone (PCL)-only scaffold vs Empty defect · 1 month (early; includes follow-up up to 1 month)	QM = 0.334, df = 1, p = 0.563, R2 = 0%	20 studies	GRADE not reported

1 including review in total.