Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM42930382
Impact of Traditional and Alternative Nicotine-Containing Product Use on Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.
Vámos Orsolya, Komora Péter, Gede Noémi, et al. · Dentistry journal · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.3390/dj14100616
Findings
146 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.23 [0.11, 0.35] GRADE not reported 48 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.25 [0.13, 0.37] Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias 50 studies · 1359 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD -0.06 [-0.17, 0.05] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 0.55 [0.09, 1.01] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | cigarette smokers | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.11 [-0.01, 0.23] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | cigarette smokers | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD 10.96 [4.12, 17.79] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, uL Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.11 [0.01, 0.21] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.06 [-0.19, 0.06] GRADE not reported 24 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | cigarette smokers | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · deep-pocket sites | MD 0.39 [0.2, 0.58] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 2.86 [-4.23, 9.95] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD 0.14 [0.02, 0.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | cigarette smokers | Change in gingival index baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.32 [0.18, 0.47] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.16 [0.02, 0.30] GRADE not reported 36 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.30 [0.17, 0.42] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 25 studies · 592 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.06 [-0.17, 0.05] GRADE not reported 29 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD 0.24 [0.12, 0.37] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 10.79 [0.49, 21.10] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 0.01 [-0.16, 0.18] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 10.96 [4.12, 17.79] GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | cigarette smokers | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 8.88 [1.94, 15.82] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, uL Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.11 [0.01, 0.21] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 5 studies · 122 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.30 [0.17, 0.42] GRADE not reported 25 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): network estimate | MD -0.06 [-0.19, 0.06] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 2.86 [-3.40, 9.13] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: deep pockets only, PPD >= 5 mm (subset 1): network estimate | MD 0.47 [-8.85, 9.80] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | cigarette smokers | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · deep-pocket sites | MD 0.16 [-0.07, 0.38] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 8.86 [1.92, 15.80] GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, uL Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD 0.11 [0.01, 0.21] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 10.48 [3.90, 17.05] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency 24 studies · 473 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.30 [0.17, 0.42] GRADE not reported 24 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | cigarette smokers | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.19 [0.05, 0.32] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 0.27 [-0.04, 0.58] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.06 [-0.17, 0.05] GRADE not reported 31 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, uL Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.11 [0.01, 0.21] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.14 [0.03, 0.25] GRADE not reported 40 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD -0.06 [-0.17, 0.05] Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias 31 studies · 770 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.32 [0.18, 0.47] GRADE not reported 19 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: deep pockets only, PPD >= 5 mm (subset 1): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.39 [0.20, 0.58] GRADE not reported 18 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 2.90 [-3.36, 9.16] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 14 studies · 239 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.13 [0.02, 0.25] Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias 42 studies · 958 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.11 [-0.01, 0.23] GRADE not reported 30 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | cigarette smokers | Change in full-mouth plaque score (%) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD 2.86 [-4.23, 9.95] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: deep pockets only, PPD >= 5 mm (subset 1): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.15 [-0.07, 0.38] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.14 [0.02, 0.26] GRADE not reported 37 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 10.45 [3.88, 17.03] GRADE not reported 22 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD 0.30 [0.17, 0.42] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 0.42 [0.07, 0.77] GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: deep pockets only, PPD >= 5 mm (subset 1): network estimate | MD 0.25 [-0.04, 0.55] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 31.39 [22.39, 40.39] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Cigarette smokers (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.23 [0.11, 0.36] GRADE not reported 43 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.29 [-0.04, 0.62] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias 2 studies · 56 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): network estimate | MD 1.67 [1.12, 2.22] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | electronic cigarette users | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 13.6 [-17.11, 44.31] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | electronic cigarette users | Change in full-mouth plaque score (%) baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 5.2 [-16.31, 26.71] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): network estimate | MD 0.27 [-0.05, 0.59] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | electronic cigarette users | Change in gingival index baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 1.67 [1.12, 2.22] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.98 [0.47, 1.49] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias 2 studies · 56 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | electronic cigarette users | Change in plaque index baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.92 [0.35, 1.49] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.29 [-0.05, 0.62] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 15.80 [-11.10, 42.69] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias 1 study · 20 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | electronic cigarette users | Change in gingival crevicular fluid volume (μL) baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 0.57 [0.32, 0.82] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): network estimate | MD 0.98 [0.47, 1.48] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.92 [0.37, 1.47] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias 1 study · 36 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, uL Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.57 [0.32, 0.82] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency 1 study · 36 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 4.44 [-14.91, 23.78] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias 1 study · 20 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | electronic cigarette users | Change in plaque index baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 0.92 [0.37, 1.47] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 1.05 [0.51, 1.58] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 1.67 [1.12, 2.22] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias 1 study · 36 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | electronic cigarette users | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 15.05 [-12.3, 42.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 1.05 [0.50, 1.59] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Electronic cigarette users (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.29 [-0.04, 0.61] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in plaque index baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 0.13 [-0.44, 0.7] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD 25.4 [-3.78, 54.58] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: deep pockets only, PPD >= 5 mm (subset 1): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.14 [-0.61, 0.33] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: deep pockets only, PPD >= 5 mm (subset 1): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.27 [-0.16, 0.70] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in gingival index baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.44 [-0.08, 0.96] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in full-mouth plaque score (%) baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 12 [-6.94, 30.94] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in gingival index baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 0.72 [0.14, 1.3] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in plaque index baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.09 [-0.44, 0.62] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.08 [-0.50, 0.35] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.05 [-0.28, 0.38] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 4 studies · 267 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.06 [-0.28, 0.40] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in full-mouth plaque score (%) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD 12 [-8.9, 32.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD -14.08 [-41.84, 13.69] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD -5.47 [-24.43, 13.49] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 2 studies · 85 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD -1.73 [-14.81, 11.35] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 2 studies · 85 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 25.4 [-3.32, 54.12] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 25.4 [-3.9, 54.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.09 [-0.17, 0.35] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.09 [-0.14, 0.32] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 4 studies · 212 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): network estimate | MD -0.24 [-0.77, 0.28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.14 [-0.52, 0.23] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 0.19 [-14.31, 14.70] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.19 [-0.61, 0.24] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD -5.93 [-26.58, 14.72] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD 0.3 [-0.18, 0.78] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.56 [-22.38, 21.26] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in gingival crevicular fluid volume (μL) baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 0.02 [-0.15, 0.19] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.02 [-0.30, 0.25] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD -0.24 [-0.74, 0.26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): network estimate | MD -6.25 [-25.58, 13.07] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD 0.3 [-0.14, 0.74] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 0.49 [-0.20, 1.19] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD -0.24 [-0.74, 0.26] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 1 study · 55 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | smokeless tobacco users | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.97 [0.48, 1.46] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD -0.56 [-21.99, 20.87] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Former smokers (stopped at least 6 months before baseline) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 0.10 [-1.10, 1.30] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | former smokers | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.07 [-0.3, 0.44] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | former smokers | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · deep-pocket sites | MD 0.16 [-0.22, 0.53] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Quitters (cigarette smokers who quit after baseline examination) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.03 [-0.75, 0.81] Low Downgraded: indirectness 2 studies · 27 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | former smokers | Change in plaque index baseline to re-evaluation · direct pairwise estimate | MD -0.28 [-0.88, 0.32] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | former smokers | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD -0.02 [-0.39, 0.36] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | former smokers | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD 0.08 [-0.21, 0.38] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Quitters (cigarette smokers who quit after baseline examination) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD -5.24 [-24.98, 14.49] Low Downgraded: indirectness 2 studies · 27 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Quitters (cigarette smokers who quit after baseline examination) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD -5.18 [-26.15, 15.80] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | former smokers | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · deep-pocket sites | MD 0.04 [-0.38, 0.45] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | former smokers | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.0 [-0.24, 0.25] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 0.30 [-0.44, 1.04] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 1.20 [0.66, 1.74] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 25.40 [11.62, 39.18] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation | MD 5.15 [-18.92, 29.21] Low Downgraded: inconsistency, indirectness 2 studies · 27 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.03 [-0.73, 0.79] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 1.85 [0.48, 3.22] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): network estimate | MD 0.30 [-0.13, 0.73] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD 0.03 [-0.76, 0.83] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD 5.63 [-18.79, 30.05] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation | MD 0.02 [-0.56, 0.60] Low Downgraded: inconsistency, indirectness 2 studies · 52 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 12.00 [-6.94, 30.94] Moderate 1 study · 32 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 1.20 [0.68, 1.72] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, uL Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.06 [-0.10, 0.22] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 1 study · 50 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in clinical attachment loss (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · deep-pocket sites | MD -0.06 [-0.92, 0.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD 0.09 [-0.41, 0.59] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · excluding high risk studies | MD 0.02 [-0.55, 0.58] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD 0.43 [-0.09, 0.94] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 0.04 [-0.56, 0.65] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, uL Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD 0.06 [-0.10, 0.22] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in gingival index (GI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.43 [-0.09, 0.94] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 1 study · 50 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in bleeding on probing (%) baseline to re-evaluation · full-mouth sites | MD 3.56 [-20.97, 28.08] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: excluding high risk of bias studies: network estimate | MD 0.99 [0.50, 1.47] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in plaque index (PI), score 0 to 3 Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.09 [-0.41, 0.59] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 1 study · 50 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in bleeding on probing (BOP), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 25.40 [-3.32, 54.12] Low Downgraded: inconsistency 1 study · 32 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in clinical attachment loss (CAL), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.30 [-0.14, 0.74] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 1 study · 32 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Main analysis: network estimate | MD 0.99 [0.49, 1.49] Low Downgraded: risk of bias 2 studies · 82 participants |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), % Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Sensitivity: randomized clinical trials only: network estimate | MD 12.00 [-4.61, 28.61] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| Patients with periodontitis receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy | non-smokers | quitters | Change in probing pocket depth (mm) baseline to re-evaluation · deep-pocket sites | MD 0.09 [-0.48, 0.66] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) | Non-smokers (no nicotine or tobacco product use) | Smokeless tobacco users (exclusive users) | Change in probing pocket depth (PPD), mm Baseline to re-evaluation after NSPT (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) · Clinical periodontal treatment settings, multiple countries · Subgroup: full-mouth examined sites (subset 0): direct (pairwise) estimate | MD 1.20 [0.67, 1.73] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
Included primary studies 67
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preshaw 2005 The effect of quitting smoking on chronic periodontitis. PMID:15998271 | 2005 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rosa 2011 A prospective 12-month study of the effect of smoking cessation on periodontal clinical parameters. PMID:21488933 | 2011 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sheokand 2019 The comparative evaluation of 1% alendronate gel as local drug delivery system in chronic periodontitis in smokers and non smokers:… PMID:31211036 | 2019 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abdelazim 2022 Impact of smoking on Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Salivary Periostin levels in Periodontitis Patients following Non-surgical periodontal… DOI:10.21608/edj.2022.139609.2115 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abreu 2019 Frequency of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA in smokers and nonsmokers after periodontal therapy. PMID:30994772 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Akpinar 2013 The effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy on oxidant and anti-oxidant status in smokers with chronic periodontitis. PMID:23261252 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Hamoudi 2020 Effect of scaling and root planing on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13) in the gingival… PMID:32395386 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Kheraif 2022 Chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy in the treatment of stage-II chronic periodontitis among smokers. PMID:35678189 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Kheraif 2022 Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine for treating advanced stage-III periodontitis in smoking patients. PMID:35811336 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| AlAhmari 2019 Effectiveness of scaling and root planning with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of chronic… PMID:30625398 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Apatzidou 2005 Impact of smoking on the clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters of adult patients with periodontitis. PMID:16104962 | 2005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ardais 2014 The effect of smoking on bleeding on probing after nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a quasi-experimental study. PMID:25337935 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arikan 2022 Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Smoking on Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Grade III Stage C Periodontitis Patients DOI:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1128101 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aziz 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Buduneli 2009 Interleukin-17, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin levels in gingival crevicular fluid from smoking and non-smoking patients with chronic… PMID:19656027 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Camargo 2016 Prevalence of periodontopathogens and Candida spp. in smokers after nonsurgical periodontal therapy - a pilot study. PMID:27556680 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chandra 2011 The comparative evaluation of xanthan gel with chlorhexidine (Chlosite) in smokers and non-smokers: A clinical and microbiological… PMID:22028508 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chandra 2012 Efficacy of lycopene as a locally delivered gel in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: smokers vs nonsmokers. PMID:22536592 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| D'Aiuto 2005 Relative contribution of patient-, tooth-, and site-associated variability on the clinical outcomes of subgingival debridement. I. Probing… PMID:15857074 | 2005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Darby 2005 Clinical and microbiological effect of scaling and root planing in smoker and non-smoker chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. PMID:15691352 | 2005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Do 2023 The influence of smoking on oral neutrophils and matrix metalloproteinase-8 in periodontitis patients before and after nonsurgical… PMID:37215391 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eltas 2012 Clinical effects of Nd:YAG laser applications during nonsurgical periodontal treatment in smoking and nonsmoking patients with chronic… PMID:22694045 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Erdemir 2004 Effects of smoking on clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in patients with chronic… PMID:15016034 | 2004 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Erdemir 2007 Effect of smoking on folic acid and vitamin B12 after nonsurgical periodontal intervention. PMID:17953692 | 2007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Feres 2015 Subgingival bacterial recolonization after scaling and root planing in smokers with chronic periodontitis. PMID:25283721 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gaind 2024 Evaluation of Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels and Effect of Tobacco Smoking in Periodontally Diseased Non-Diabetic Patients. PMID:38742163 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghallab 2010 Salivary-soluble CD44 levels in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis: a pilot study. PMID:20429650 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Grossi 1997 Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on healing after mechanical periodontal therapy. PMID:9150643 | 1997 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Guentsch 2008 Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients: effect of smoking and periodontal treatment. PMID:18509684 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Guru 2018 Comparative evaluation of salivary hepatocyte growth factor in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. PMID:29193859 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hadzic 2023 DOI:10.19193/0393-6384_2023_4_131 | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hendek 2015 Effect of initial periodontal therapy on oxidative stress markers in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and serum in smokers and… PMID:25325515 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ikhar 2024 Comparative evaluation of semaphorin-4D, peptidylarginine deiminase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels of gingival crevicular fluid… PMID:37846733 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Karsiyaka Hendek 2020 The effect of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid peptidoglycan recognition protein-1 level following initial periodontal therapy in… PMID:31587460 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lutfioglu 2021 Effects of smoking on the gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-17A, interleukin-17E, and oxidative stress following periodontal… PMID:33458831 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mantyla 2006 Monitoring periodontal disease status in smokers and nonsmokers using a gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8-specific… PMID:17076774 | 2006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mashalkar 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Maske 2023 Evaluation of efficacy of locally delivered Herbal extract in treatment of Chronic periodontitis –A Randomised controlled trial DOI:10.47552/ijam.v14i2.2950 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Meenawat 2015 Evaluation of the effect of nicotine and metabolites on the periodontal status and the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β in smokers with… PMID:26392684 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mittal 2017 Effect of Smoking and Tobacco Chewing on Periodontal Disease and Non-Surgical Treatment Outcome: A Clinical and Biochemical Study. PMID:31473716 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mouzakiti 2012 Expression of MMPs and TIMP-1 in smoker and nonsmoker chronic periodontitis patients before and after periodontal treatment. PMID:22472034 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ongoz Dede 2023 Six miRNA expressions in the saliva of smokers and non-smokers with periodontal disease. PMID:36495003 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ozdemir 2021 Photobiomodulation Therapy by 820 nm Diode Laser on Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment of Smoker and Nonsmoker Patients: A Single-Blind… PMID:33547665 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Padhye 2019 Quantification and Comparison of the Impact of the Smoking Status on Oral Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte and Malondialdehyde Levels in… PMID:32308331 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Palmer 1999 Non-surgical periodontal treatment with and without adjunctive metronidazole in smokers and non-smokers. PMID:10100041 | 1999 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pamuk 2017 The effect of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid levels of… PMID:28394081 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Preber 1986 The effect of non-surgical treatment on periodontal pockets in smokers and non-smokers. PMID:3458727 | 1986 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Preber 1986 Effect of non-surgical treatment on gingival bleeding in smokers and non-smokers. PMID:3487907 | 1986 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Preber 1995 Periodontal healing and periopathogenic microflora in smokers and non-smokers. PMID:8613564 | 1995 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Preshaw 1999 Progression and treatment of chronic adult periodontitis. PMID:10534076 | 1999 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pucher 1997 Results of limited initial periodontal therapy in smokers and non-smokers. PMID:9379329 | 1997 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Renvert 1998 The clinical and microbiological effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers and non-smokers. PMID:9495614 | 1998 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ryder 1999 Effects of smoking on local delivery of controlled-release doxycycline as compared to scaling and root planing. PMID:10522780 | 1999 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Salhi 2020 Respective Effects of Oral Hygiene Instructions and Periodontal Nonsurgical Treatment (Debridement) on Clinical Parameters and… PMID:32756385 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Savran 2024 Clinical effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in the periodontal treatment of smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis: a… PMID:39031219 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shah 2023 Retrospective exploratory study of smoking status and e-cigarette use with response to non-surgical periodontal therapy. PMID:35781714 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Toker 2012 Influence of smoking on interleukin-1beta level, oxidant status and antioxidant status in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic… PMID:22364664 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tomasi 2004 Locally delivered doxycycline improves the healing following non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers. PMID:15257733 | 2004 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Turkoglu 2016 Does smoking affect gingival crevicular fluid LL-37 levels following non-surgical periodontal treatment in chronic periodontitis? PMID:26547698 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vajawat 2022 Local delivery of hyaluronic acid as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in smokers and… PMID:36339388 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Varghese 2020 Salivary 8-hydroxyguanosine levels in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. PMID:32065311 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vijayakumar 2020 Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Serum Levels of Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-8 in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Chronic… PMID:33149478 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vohra 2020 Effectiveness of scaling and root planing with and without adjunct probiotic therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis among… PMID:31985066 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wan 2009 Effects of smoking on healing response to non-surgical periodontal therapy: a multilevel modelling analysis. PMID:19236535 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yadav 2024 Effect of initial periodontal therapy on metallothionein levels in smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis. PMID:38587608 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yilmaz 2023 Baseline interleukin-10, CD163, and tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) gingival tissue levels in relation to… PMID:35819128 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zuabi 1999 The effect of smoking and periodontal treatment on salivary composition in patients with established periodontitis. PMID:10534080 | 1999 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Patients with periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy; excluding systemic diseases affecting periodontal health, drug-induced gingival overgrowth medication, aggressive periodontitis | Patients with at least stage II periodontitis treated with NSPT (n=67 studies; 56 in NMA; PPD network 3209 patients) |
| Intervention | Exposures: traditional cigarette smokers (exclusive), electronic cigarette users (exclusive), former smokers (quit at least 6 months before baseline), quitters (quit after baseline), smokeless tobacco users (exclusive) | Cigarette smokers (n=50 studies for PPD), electronic cigarette users (n=2), former smokers (n=4), quitters (n=2), smokeless tobacco users (n=2) |
| Comparison | Non-smokers (non-users of any nicotine and tobacco product) | Non-smokers (n=50 studies for PPD) |
| Outcomes | Primary: probing pocket depth (mm). Secondary: clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, plaque index, full-mouth plaque score, gingival index, gingival crevicular fluid volume | PPD (n=52 studies), CAL (n=44), BOP (n=25), PI (n=32), GI (n=26), FMPS (n=15), GCF volume (n=6) networks |
| Study designs | Two- or multi-armed randomized and non-randomized interventional studies | Randomized clinical trials (13 cited in the RCT-only sensitivity analysis) and non-randomized interventional studies (n=67), published 1985 to 2024; 56 in quantitative synthesis |
| Timing | Follow-up between 1 month and 1 year after NSPT | Re-evaluation after NSPT within 1 month to 1 year |
AMSTAR 2 items
Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.
| Item | Extractor A | Extractor B | Agree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Research question includes PICO components | Yes | NR | no |
| 2Protocol established before the reviewcritical | Partial Yes | NR | no |
| 3Choice of study designs explained | No | NR | no |
| 4Comprehensive literature searchcritical | No | NR | no |
| 5Study selection in duplicate | Yes | NR | no |
| 6Data extraction in duplicate | Yes | NR | no |
| 7List of excluded studies with reasonscritical | Yes | NR | no |
| 8Included studies described in detail | Yes | NR | no |
| 9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycritical | RCT: Yes · NRSI: Yes | NR | no |
| 10Funding of included studies reported | No | NR | no |
| 11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscritical | RCT: Yes · NRSI: No | NR | no |
| 12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled results | Yes | NR | no |
| 13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcritical | Yes | NR | no |
| 14Heterogeneity explained | Yes | NR | no |
| 15Publication bias investigatedcritical | Yes | NR | no |
| 16Conflicts of interest reported | Yes | NR | no |
| Overall | Critically Low | NR | no |