Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM41756536
The Impact of Cigarette Smoking, Waterpipe Smoking, and E-Cigarette Vaping on Peri-Implant Clinical Outcomes and Inflammatory Markers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Bangiev Lior, Lubotcky Idan, Lugassy Ari Yitzhak, et al. · Journal of oral & maxillofacial research · 2025 · PubMed · doi:10.5037/jomr.2025.16401
Findings
Population Adults (18 years or older) with at least one functional dental implant
24 findings
| Cigarette smokers | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP) | SMD -6.67 [-9.7, -3.64] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 279 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant plaque index | SMD 5.22 [2.69, 7.75] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 329 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant marginal bone loss (mm) | MD 2.16 [1.42, 2.89] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 209 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant sulcular fluid IL-1 beta (pg/mL) | MD 239.63 [189.19, 290.07] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 144 participants |
| Waterpipe smokers | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant marginal bone loss (mm) | MD 1.9 [1.11, 2.68] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 144 participants |
| Waterpipe smokers | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant plaque index | SMD 6.31 [2.38, 10.24] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 301 participants |
| Waterpipe smokers | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP) | SMD -5.99 [-8.37, -3.61] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 252 participants |
| E-cigarette users (vaping) | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant marginal bone loss (mm) | MD 0.83 [0.64, 1.02] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 327 participants |
| E-cigarette users (vaping) | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant sulcular fluid IL-1 beta (pg/mL) | MD 170.12 [144.91, 195.32] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 327 participants |
| E-cigarette users (vaping) | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant plaque index | SMD 1.61 [-1.0, 4.21] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 523 participants |
| E-cigarette users (vaping) | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP) | SMD -4.76 [-7.66, -1.87] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 396 participants |
| E-cigarette users (vaping) | Non-smokers (never users of tobacco or nicotine) | Peri-implant sulcular fluid TNF-alpha (pg/mL) | MD 17.6 [11.94, 23.26] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 264 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | Waterpipe smokers | Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP) common-effect model | SMD -0.27 [-0.53, -0.01] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 287 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | Waterpipe smokers | Peri-implant plaque index random-effects model | SMD 0.2 [-1.15, 1.55] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 336 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | Waterpipe smokers | Peri-implant plaque index common-effect model | SMD 0.4 [0.16, 0.63] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 336 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | Waterpipe smokers | Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP) random-effects model | SMD 0.21 [-1.89, 2.3] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 287 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | Waterpipe smokers | Peri-implant marginal bone loss (mm) | MD 0.26 [0.12, 0.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cigarette smokers | Waterpipe smokers | Peri-implant sulcular fluid IL-1 beta (pg/mL) | MD -2.75 [-34.92, 29.42] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 152 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | E-cigarette users (vaping) | Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP) | SMD -0.19 [-1.45, 1.08] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 213 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | E-cigarette users (vaping) | Peri-implant sulcular fluid IL-1 beta (pg/mL) | MD 59.05 [17.43, 100.66] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 143 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | E-cigarette users (vaping) | Peri-implant marginal bone loss (mm) | MD 1.33 [0.55, 2.11] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 143 participants |
| Cigarette smokers | E-cigarette users (vaping) | Peri-implant plaque index | SMD 2.13 [0.83, 3.43] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 213 participants |
| Waterpipe smokers | E-cigarette users (vaping) | Peri-implant plaque index | SMD 2.05 [0.62, 3.47] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 147 participants |
| Waterpipe smokers | E-cigarette users (vaping) | Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP) | SMD -0.2 [-2.18, 1.79] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 147 participants |
Included primary studies 9
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alazmi 2021 Comparison of Peri-Implant Clinicoradiographic Parameters among Non-Smokers and Individuals Using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems at… PMID:34585877 | 2021 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Aali 2018 Peri-implant parameters, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta levels in vaping individuals. PMID:29575755 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al-Sowygh 2018 Peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and crestal bone loss among waterpipe (narghile) smokers and never-smokers with and… PMID:29520801 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ali 2023 Peri-Implant Inflammation in Waterpipe Users and Cigarette Smokers: An Observational Study. PMID:37037698 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| AlQahtani 2018 Clinical peri-implant parameters and inflammatory cytokine profile among smokers of cigarette, e-cigarette, and waterpipe. PMID:30209875 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alqahtani 2019 Comparison of cotinine levels in the peri-implant sulcular fluid among cigarette and waterpipe smokers, electronic-cigarette users, and… PMID:31267668 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| ArRejaie 2019 Proinflammatory cytokine levels and peri-implant parameters among cigarette smokers, individuals vaping electronic cigarettes, and… PMID:30311944 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| BinShabaib 2018 Peri-implant clinical and radiographic status and whole salivary cotinine levels among cigarette and waterpipe smokers and never-smokers. PMID:29925709 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sinha 2020 Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β levels among subjects vaping e-cigarettes and nonsmokers. PMID:32318469 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| Tobacco Smoking and Smoke-Free Products as Risk Factors for Dental Implants: A Systematic Review. (2026) | 1 | 0.02 |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Adults (18 years or older) with at least one functional dental implant | Adults with functional dental implants (n=9 studies; group sizes 19 to 64) |
| Intervention | Cigarette, electronic cigarette (vaping) or waterpipe smokers | Cigarette smokers (5 studies), e-cigarette users (6 studies), waterpipe smokers (5 studies) |
| Comparison | Non-smokers (no history of tobacco or nicotine use) | Non-smokers (never-smokers) in all 9 studies |
| Outcomes | Bleeding on probing, probing depth, plaque index, marginal bone loss (primary); IL-1β, TNF-α (secondary) | Bleeding on probing, plaque index, marginal bone loss, IL-1β pooled; TNF-α pooled for e-cigarette users only; probing depth not pooled |
| Study designs | RCTs, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, minimum 10 patients | 6 cross-sectional, 2 case-control, 1 retrospective cohort (8-year follow-up) |
| Timing | Not specified | Cross-sectional; 8 years in one cohort |