Non-Cochrane · prognostic · PM41462765
Association Between Chromogenic Black Stain and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Borrell-Garcia Carla, Boo-Gordillo Paula, Guinot-Barona Clara, et al. · Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025 · PubMed · doi:10.3390/children12121624
Findings
2 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children aged 0-15 years (primary, mixed or permanent dentition) | Presence of chromogenic black stain (exposure) | Children without black stain | Dental caries (presence or experience) | OR 0.53 [0.36, 0.78] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Children aged 0-15 years | Not reported | None | Prevalence of chromogenic black stain | Prevalence (%) 9.4 [6.6, 12.2] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
Included primary studies 14
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elelmi 2020 Black stain and dental caries in primary teeth of Tunisian preschool children. PMID:32643037 | 2021 | 1 other review | Prevalence of chromogenic black stain | not extracted yet |
| Chen 2014 Factors associated with black tooth stain in Chinese preschool children. PMID:24430339 | 2014 | this review only | Dental caries (presence or experience); Prevalence of chromogenic black stain | not extracted yet |
| Feng 2024 Dental Caries and Extrinsic Black Tooth Stain in Children With Primary, Mixed and Permanent Dentitions: A Cross-Sectional Study. PMID:39578234 | 2025 | this review only | Dental caries (presence or experience) | not extracted yet |
| Franca-Pinto 2012 Association between black stains and dental caries in primary teeth: findings from a Brazilian population-based birth cohort. PMID:22488298 | 2012 | this review only | Dental caries (presence or experience) | not extracted yet |
| Garan 2012 Salivary parameters and caries indices in children with black tooth stains. PMID:22838232 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gasparetto 2003 Prevalence of black tooth stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren. PMID:15057389 | 2003 | this review only | Prevalence of chromogenic black stain | not extracted yet |
| Heinrich-Weltzien 2009 Black stain and dental caries in Filipino schoolchildren. PMID:19250295 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Heinrich-Weltzien 2013 Dental caries and microbiota in children with black stain and non-discoloured dental plaque. PMID:24335143 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Koch 2001 Black stain and dental caries in schoolchildren in Potenza, Italy. PMID:11985199 | 2001 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lopez-Martinez 2016 Black stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. PMID:27737363 | 2016 | this review only | Prevalence of chromogenic black stain | not extracted yet |
| Qiao 2024 Black stain and dental caries in primary dentition of preschool children in Qingdao, China. PMID:39087231 | 2024 | this review only | Dental caries (presence or experience); Prevalence of chromogenic black stain | not extracted yet |
| Tripodi 2016 Black Stains: a microbiological analysis and a view on familiarity and susceptibility to tooth decay of patients in childhood. PMID:28045312 | 2016 | this review only | Dental caries (presence or experience) | not extracted yet |
| Velasquez-Saez 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zheng 2023 Characterization of the oral microbiome and gut microbiome of dental caries and extrinsic black stain in preschool children. PMID:37065128 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| Prevalence and risk factors for early childhood caries in North Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) | 1 | 0.03 |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Children aged 0-15 years with primary, mixed or permanent dentition | Children aged 15 years or younger (n=14 studies; sample sizes 38 to 2777) |
| Intervention | Presence of chromogenic black stain (exposure) | Chromogenic black stain |
| Comparison | Children without black stain | No black stain |
| Outcomes | Presence or experience of dental caries; prevalence of black stain | Dental caries (association, 5 studies); black stain prevalence (5 studies) |
| Study designs | Observational studies (cross-sectional, cohort, case-control) and clinical trials | 8 cross-sectional, 4 cohort, 2 case-control |
| Timing | No restriction on follow-up duration | Not specified |