Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

27 questions · 27 findings · 12 reviews · Schizophrenia

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No studies found 7 · 25.9%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 11 · 40.7%Low 5 · 18.5%Moderate 4 · 14.8%High 0 · 0%

SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs cognitive behavioural therapy

Level of functioning · patients with schizophrenia

1 finding from 1 review

Supportive therapy for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 78 participants
Very low

SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs FAMILY THERAPY

General functioning: No paid work · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether SUPPORTIVE THERAPY changes general functioning: No paid work compared with FAMILY THERAPY (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Supportive therapy for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.57, 1.63]
1 study · 39 participants
Very low

Avatar Therapy vs supportive counselling (all short‐term)

Mental state · schizophrenia or related disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Avatar Therapy for people with schizophrenia or related disorders 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 124 participants
Low

SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT

Level of functioning · patients with schizophrenia

1 finding from 1 review

Supportive therapy for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 78 participants
Very low

SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs PSYCHOEDUCATION

General functioning ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Supportive therapy for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs usual care

General functioning ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia

1 finding from 1 review

Supportive therapy for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 29 participants
Very low

ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ECT

Clinical response: no clinically significant response in mental state · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NIDOTHERAPY‐ENHANCED STANDARD CARE vs usual care

General functioning ‐ no clinically important change in general functioning · schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Horticultural therapy plus standard care vs usual care

Level of functioning · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Horticultural therapy for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs control

Mental state · recent‐onset psychosis (less than three years since the start of psychotic symptoms and either first or second psychotic episode)

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy added to standard care for first‐episode and recent‐onset psychosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
20 studies · 1508 participants
Low

CANNABIS REDUCTION: ADJUNCT PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY vs treatment

Average change in quality of life/satisfaction · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE

1 finding from 1 review

Cannabis and schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 49 participants
Moderate

CANNABIS REDUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY (SPECIFICALLY ABOUT CANNABIS AND PSYCHOSIS) vs NON‐SPECIFIC PSYCOEDUCTION

General functioning ‐ no clinically important change in general functioning · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Cannabis and schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs no specific treatment

Mental state · schizophrenia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 39 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics

Mental state · schizophrenia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 125 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics

Mental state · schizophrenia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 63 participants
Very low

ECT plus standard care vs antipsychotics plus standard care

Functioning: clinically important change in general functioning, as defined by individual studies · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

ECT plus standard care vs usual care

General functioning: Average endpoint general functioning score (clinically improved) (no data) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

1 finding from 1 review

Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 97 participants
Very low

ECT alone vs antipsychotics

General functioning: Average endpoint general functioning score (clinically improved) (no data) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

1 finding from 1 review

Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care

Functioning: clinically important change in general functioning, as defined by individual studies · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

CBT plus standard care vs usual care

Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE changes mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement)… compared with STANDARD CARE ALONE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.65, 1.02]
5 studies · 501 participants
Very low