Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

360 questions · 370 findings · 102 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 48 · 13%GRADE not reported 12 · 3.2%Very low 76 · 20.5%Low 121 · 32.7%Moderate 84 · 22.7%High 29 · 7.8%

Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam

Maternal respiratory rate (Maternal respiratory depression as defined by trial authors or measured using intraoperative maternal arterial oxygen saturation and maternal respiratory rate) · health problem or population

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive procedures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
Low

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

Change in peak oxygen uptake Cardiopulmonary exercise test · adults with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Pulmonary rehabilitation versus usual care for adults with asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 129 participants
Very low

Nebulised magnesium sulfate + standard care vs placebo + standard care

Change in oxygen saturation (SaO2) · acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Very low

Magnesium sulfate vs ipratropium

Change in oxygen saturation (SaO2) · acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intravenous magnesium sulfate + standard care vs placebo + standard care

Change in oxygen saturation (SaO2) · acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Very low

Prophylactic or very early CPAP vs supportive care

Failed Treatment · preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether prophylactic or very early CPAP changes failed treatment defined as recurrent apnoea, hypoxia, hypercarbia… compared with supportive care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6 [0.49, 0.74]
4 studies · 765 participants
Very low

Prophylactic CPAP vs mechanical ventilation

Combined outcome of death and bronchopulmonary dysplasia defined as death at any time and oxygen dependency at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · preterm infants

Prophylactic CPAP probably leads to lower combined outcome of death and bronchopulmonary dysplasia defined as… compared with mechanical ventilation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.81, 0.97]
3 studies · 2358 participants
Moderate

Prophylactic or very early CPAP vs supportive care

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks defined as oxygen dependency at 36 weeks postmenstrual age · preterm infants

Prophylactic or very early CPAP showed no clear difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks defined as oxygen dependency… compared with supportive care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.76 [0.51, 1.14]
3 studies · 683 participants
Moderate

Prophylactic or very early CPAP vs supportive care

Death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · preterm infants

Prophylactic or very early CPAP showed no clear difference in combined outcome of death and bronchopulmonary dysplasia defined as… compared with supportive care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.4, 1.19]
1 study · 256 participants
Low

Prophylactic CPAP vs mechanical ventilation

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks defined as oxygen dependency at 36 weeks postmenstrual age · preterm infants

Prophylactic CPAP probably leads to lower bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks defined as oxygen dependency… compared with mechanical ventilation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.8, 0.99]
3 studies · 2150 participants
Moderate

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Change in arterial partial pressure of oxygen · stable COPD

2 findings from 1 review

Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 271 participants
Moderate
Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 171 participants
Low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation

Change in arterial partial pressure of oxygen · post‐exacerbation COPD

2 findings from 1 review

Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 234 participants
Low
Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 170 participants
Low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Oxygen efficiency (PaO2/FiO2) day 1 postoperative · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 2594 participants
Low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Oxygen efficiency (PaO2/FiO2) day 3 postoperative · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 2309 participants
Low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Oxygen efficiency (PaO2/FIO2). Day 7 · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1611 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Duration of supplemental oxygen (days) · preterm infants less than 30 weeks' gestational age requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Lung recruitment manoeuvres for reducing mortality and respiratory morbidity in mechanically ventilated neonates 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 44 participants
Very low

Restricted vs standard fluid management

Duration of oxygen therapy (hours) · late preterm and full‐term infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn

1 finding from 1 review

Fluid restriction in the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 172 participants
Very low

Chloral hydrate oral (75 mg/kg) vs pentobarbital intravenous (5 mg/kg)

Number of children with clinical adverse event: oxygen desaturation · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

It is very uncertain whether chloral hydrate oral (75 mg/kg) changes number of children with clinical adverse event: oxygen desaturation compared with pentobarbital intravenous (5 mg/kg) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.67 [0.21, 2.16]
1 study · 70 participants
Very low

Salbutamol vs placebo/no treatment

Duration of oxygen therapy (hours) · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn

1 finding from 1 review

Salbutamol for transient tachypnea of the newborn 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 338 participants
Very low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

BPD at 28 days · health problem or population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.1 [0.56, 2.17]
1 study · 271 participants
Very low