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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

2,112 questions in 171 reviews · Eyes and Vision

current versions
No studies 587 · 27.8%Ungraded 95 · 4.5%Very low 446 · 21.1%Low 557 · 26.4%Moderate 361 · 17.1%High 66 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Intervention NR
Peripheral plus spectacle lenses · children with progressive myopia (38 studies, 6525 participants in analyses) Interventions: optical and…
Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 480 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Multifocal spectacle lenses · children with progressive myopia (38 studies, 6525 participants in analyses) Interventions: optical and…
Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted9 studies · 729 participantsLow
Silicone hydrogel vs hydrogel soft contact lenses
Mean change in patient‐reported comfort score from baseline using CLDEQ‐8 · adults with refractive errors
Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient‐reported eye comfort and… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Silicone hydrogel vs hydrogel soft contact lenses
Mean change in patient‐reported comfort score from baseline using OSDI, at 1 month (MD < 0 favored) · adults with refractive errors
Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient‐reported eye comfort and… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 47 participantsVery low
Silicone hydrogel vs hydrogel soft contact lenses
Mean change in patient‐reported comfort score from baseline using VAS, at 1 week (MD > 0 favored) · adults with refractive errors
Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient‐reported eye comfort and… (2023) · Cochrane
MD 0.55 [0.16, 0.94]1 study · 240 participantsVery low
Silicone hydrogel vs hydrogel soft contact lenses
Proportion of participants who discontinued contact lens wear, at 1 week (RR < 1 favored) · adults with refractive errors
Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient‐reported eye comfort and… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.64 [0.11, 3.74]1 study · 248 participantsVery low
Silicone hydrogel vs hydrogel soft contact lenses
Corneal staining scores, at 1 week (MD < 0 favored) · adults with refractive errors
Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient‐reported eye comfort and… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 243 participantsVery low
Silicone hydrogel vs hydrogel soft contact lenses
Conjunctival staining scores, at 1 month (MD < 0 favored) · adults with refractive errors
Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient‐reported eye comfort and… (2023) · Cochrane
MD 0.21 study · 80 participantsVery low
Silicone hydrogel vs hydrogel soft contact lenses
Proportion of participants with vision‐threatening adverse events (RR < 1 favored) · adults with refractive errors
Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient‐reported eye comfort and… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Manifest keratoconus
Artificial intelligence for detecting keratoconus (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted54 studies · 21330 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Subclinical keratoconus
Artificial intelligence for detecting keratoconus (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted28 studies · 2758 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Mean change in BCVA from baseline · people with large macular hole
Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane flap versus pars plana vitrectomy with conventional… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Mean postoperative BCVA (lower is better) · people with large macular hole
Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane flap versus pars plana vitrectomy with conventional… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRVery low
Intervention NR
Overall closure of macular hole at end of · people with large macular hole
Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane flap versus pars plana vitrectomy with conventional… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.1 [1.02, 1.18]NRModerate
Intervention NR
Speed of visual acuity improvement · people with large macular hole
Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane flap versus pars plana vitrectomy with conventional… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Type 1 macular hole closure at end of · people with large macular hole
Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane flap versus pars plana vitrectomy with conventional… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.31 [1.03, 1.66]NRModerate
Intervention NR
Postoperative retinal detachment at end of · people with large macular hole
Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane flap versus pars plana vitrectomy with conventional… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRLow
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic vs placebo or NSAID
Changes in mean participant‐reported ocular pain from baseline to 24 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐trauma or post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRVery low
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic plus NSAID vs placebo
Proportion of participants with complications at longest time point Up to 1 week · corneal abrasion (post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 30 participantsVery low
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic vs placebo or NSAID
Changes in mean participant‐reported ocular pain from baseline to 48 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐trauma or post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRVery low
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic vs placebo or NSAID
Changes in mean participant‐reported ocular pain from baseline to 72 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐trauma or post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic vs placebo or NSAID
Proportion of participants without complete resolution of epithelial defects by 24 to 72 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐trauma or post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRVery low
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic vs placebo or NSAID
Proportion of participants with complications at longest time point Up to 2 weeks · corneal abrasion (post‐trauma or post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRVery low
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic plus NSAID vs placebo
Changes in mean participant‐reported ocular pain from baseline to 24 hoursVAS (scale 0 to 10) · corneal abrasion (post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 30 participantsVery low
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic plus NSAID vs placebo
Changes in mean participant‐reported ocular pain from baseline to 48 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic plus NSAID vs placebo
Changes in mean participant‐reported ocular pain from baseline to 72 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Topical ophthalmic anesthetic plus NSAID vs placebo
Proportion of participants without complete resolution of epithelial defects by 24 to 72 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐surgical)
Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.33 [0.04, 2.85]1 study · 30 participantsVery low
Phacoemulsification vs laser peripheral iridotomy
Proportion of participants with IOP control (higher number of events is better) · Participants with acute primary angle closure after initial medical treatment to lower intraocular pressure
Lens extraction versus laser peripheral iridotomy for acute primary angle closure (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.66 [1.28, 2.15]2 studies · 97 participantsLow
Phacoemulsification vs laser peripheral iridotomy
Proportion of participants requiring further IOP‐lowering interventions (additional surgery, medications, or both) (lower number of events is better) · Participants with acute primary angle closure after initial medical treatment to lower intraocular pressure
Lens extraction versus laser peripheral iridotomy for acute primary angle closure (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.07 [0.01, 0.51]2 studies · 99 participantsVery low
Phacoemulsification vs laser peripheral iridotomy
Proportion of participants with 1 or more recurrent APAC episodes in the same eye (lower number of events is better) · Participants with acute primary angle closure after initial medical treatment to lower intraocular pressure
Lens extraction versus laser peripheral iridotomy for acute primary angle closure (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.3]1 study · 37 participantsVery low
Phacoemulsification vs laser peripheral iridotomy
Mean number of IOP‐lowering medications required (lower number of medications is better) · Participants with acute primary angle closure after initial medical treatment to lower intraocular pressure
Lens extraction versus laser peripheral iridotomy for acute primary angle closure (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsLow
Phacoemulsification vs laser peripheral iridotomy
Mean IOP, measured by any method (mmHg) (lower IOP is better) · Participants with acute primary angle closure after initial medical treatment to lower intraocular pressure
Lens extraction versus laser peripheral iridotomy for acute primary angle closure (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 62 participantsLow
Phacoemulsification vs laser peripheral iridotomy
Mean change in angle findings, measured by any method · Participants with acute primary angle closure after initial medical treatment to lower intraocular pressure
Lens extraction versus laser peripheral iridotomy for acute primary angle closure (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 94 participantsVery low
Phacoemulsification vs laser peripheral iridotomy
Adverse effects · Participants with acute primary angle closure after initial medical treatment to lower intraocular pressure
Lens extraction versus laser peripheral iridotomy for acute primary angle closure (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 99 participantsLow
Summary of findings table ‐ Pseudophakia vs aphakia
Visual acuity · children younger than two years of age with bilateral congenital cataracts
Surgical interventions for bilateral congenital cataract in children aged two years and under (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 54 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Pseudophakia vs aphakia
Visual axis opacification · children younger than two years of age with bilateral congenital cataracts
Surgical interventions for bilateral congenital cataract in children aged two years and under (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.29 [0.23, 7.13]1 study · 54 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Pseudophakia vs aphakia
Amblyopia ‐ not reported · children younger than two years of age with bilateral congenital cataracts
Surgical interventions for bilateral congenital cataract in children aged two years and under (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Pseudophakia vs aphakia
Glaucoma at 5 years · children younger than two years of age with bilateral congenital cataracts
Surgical interventions for bilateral congenital cataract in children aged two years and under (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.86 [0.24, 3.1]1 study · 54 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Pseudophakia vs aphakia
Retinal detachment ‐ not reported · children younger than two years of age with bilateral congenital cataracts
Surgical interventions for bilateral congenital cataract in children aged two years and under (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Pseudophakia vs aphakia
Reoperation rate ‐ not reported · children younger than two years of age with bilateral congenital cataracts
Surgical interventions for bilateral congenital cataract in children aged two years and under (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Pseudophakia vs aphakia
Adverse events · children younger than two years of age with bilateral congenital cataracts
Surgical interventions for bilateral congenital cataract in children aged two years and under (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 54 participantsVery low
Laser trabeculoplasty vs medication
Failure to control IOP (as defined by study investigators) · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Laser trabeculoplasty for open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRLow
Laser trabeculoplasty vs trabeculectomy
Failure to stabilise optic neuropathy progression (as defined by study investigators) · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Laser trabeculoplasty for open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Laser trabeculoplasty vs trabeculectomy
Quality of life · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Laser trabeculoplasty for open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Laser trabeculoplasty vs trabeculectomy
Adverse effectsPAS formation · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Laser trabeculoplasty for open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.78NRVery low
Laser trabeculoplasty vs trabeculectomy
Adverse effects: IOP spikes · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Laser trabeculoplasty for open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.78NRVery low
Laser trabeculoplasty vs medication
Failure to stabilise visual field progression (as defined by study investigators) · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Laser trabeculoplasty for open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.7 [0.42, 1.16]NRModerate
Laser trabeculoplasty vs medication
Failure to stabilise optic neuropathy progression (as defined by study investigators) · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Laser trabeculoplasty for open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.73 [0.44, 1.2]NRVery low
Laser trabeculoplasty vs medication
Quality of life measures · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Laser trabeculoplasty for open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2022) · Cochrane
MD 0.28NRModerate
Laser trabeculoplasty vs medication
Adverse effects:PAS formation · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Laser trabeculoplasty for open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2022) · Cochrane
RR 11.74 [5.94, 23.22]NRLow