Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,112 questions in 171 reviews · Eyes and Vision
current versionsNo studies 587 · 27.8%Ungraded 95 · 4.5%Very low 446 · 21.1%Low 557 · 26.4%Moderate 361 · 17.1%High 66 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
LipiFlow vs basic warm compresses Mean change from baseline in symptom scores at 1 to 4 weeks (lower is favored) · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
LipiFlow vs thermostatic devices Proportion of participants with intervention‐related, vision‐threatening adverse events at 1 to 4 weeks · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 445 participants | Very low |
LipiFlow vs basic warm compresses Mean change from baseline in meibomian gland expression scores at 1 to 4 weeks (higher is favored) · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | SMD 1.31 | 2 studies · 76 participants | Very low |
LipiFlow vs basic warm compresses Mean change from baseline in meibum quality scores at 1 to 4 weeks (higher is favored) · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
LipiFlow vs basic warm compresses Mean change from baseline in meibomian gland atrophy scores at 1 to 4 weeks (lower is favored) · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
LipiFlow vs basic warm compresses Proportion of participants with intervention‐related, vision‐threatening adverse events at 1 to 4 weeks · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 197 participants | Low |
LipiFlow vs thermostatic devices Mean change from baseline in symptom scores at 1 to 4 weeks (lower is favored) · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
LipiFlow vs thermostatic devices Mean change from baseline in meibomian gland expression scores at 1 to 4 weeks (higher is favored) · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 820 participants | Low |
LipiFlow vs thermostatic devices Mean change from baseline in meibum quality scores at 1 to 4 weeks (higher is favored) · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | SMD 0.11 | 2 studies · 354 participants | Low |
LipiFlow vs thermostatic devices Mean change from baseline in meibomian gland atrophy scores at 1 to 4 weeks (lower is favored) · people with dry eye LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Face‐down positioning vs other positioning Proportion of eyes with retinal displacement at 6 months or later (RR < 1 favored) · people with primary macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments Face‐down positioning or posturing after pars plana vitrectomy for macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.54, 0.99] | 1 study · 239 participants | Very low |
Face‐down positioning vs other positioning Mean change in logMAR or Snellen visual acuity from baseline to 3 months or later (lower is favored) · people with primary macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments Face‐down positioning or posturing after pars plana vitrectomy for macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Very low |
Face‐down positioning vs other positioning Mean objective distortion score at 3 months or later (lower is favored) · people with primary macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments Face‐down positioning or posturing after pars plana vitrectomy for macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal… (2024) · Cochrane | MD 1.8 | 1 study · 219 participants | Very low |
Face‐down positioning vs other positioning Quality of life assessments at 3 months or later (higher is favored) · people with primary macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments Face‐down positioning or posturing after pars plana vitrectomy for macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 217 participants | Very low |
Face‐down positioning vs other positioning Frequency of intervention‐related ocular adverse events ( · people with primary macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments Face‐down positioning or posturing after pars plana vitrectomy for macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 262 participants | Very low |
Face‐down positioning vs other positioning Frequency of intervention‐related non‐ocular adverse events ( · people with primary macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments Face‐down positioning or posturing after pars plana vitrectomy for macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment Progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, or both) · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.72 [0.58, 0.9] | 3 studies · 2445 participants | Moderate |
Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo Progression to geographic atrophy · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.8, 1.05] | 1 study · 6891 participants | Low |
Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo Progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.91, 1.05] | 1 study · 6656 participants | Low |
Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo Quality of life · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 308 participants | Moderate |
Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo Adverse effects · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.06 | NR | Very low |
Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo Resource use and costs · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E vs placebo Progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy or both) · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.31, 6.05] | 1 study · 998 participants | Very low |
Vitamin E vs placebo Progression to neovascular AMD · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E vs placebo Progression to geographic atrophy · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E vs placebo Progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.74, 1.47] | 1 study · 1179 participants | Low |
Vitamin E vs placebo Quality of life · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment Progression to neovascular AMD · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.62 [0.47, 0.82] | 1 study · 1206 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin E vs placebo Adverse effects · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Very low |
Vitamin E vs placebo Resource use and costs · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc vs placebo Progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy or both) · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.7, 0.98] | 3 studies · 3790 participants | Moderate |
Zinc vs placebo Progression to neovascular AMD · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.76 [0.62, 0.93] | 1 study · 2442 participants | Moderate |
Zinc vs placebo Progression to geographic atrophy · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.84 [0.64, 1.1] | 1 study · 2442 participants | Moderate |
Zinc vs placebo Progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.87 [0.75, 1] | 2 studies · 3791 participants | Moderate |
Zinc vs placebo Quality of life · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc vs placebo Adverse effects · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 286 participants | Very low |
Zinc vs placebo Resource use and costs · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment Progression to geographic atrophy · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.75 [0.51, 1.1] | 1 study · 1206 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment Progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.77 [0.62, 0.96] | 1 study · 1791 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment Quality of life · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment Adverse effects · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.87 | 0 participants | Low |
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment Resource use and costs · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo Progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, or both) · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.87, 1.01] | 1 study · 6891 participants | Low |
Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo Progression to neovascular AMD · people with AMD Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.84, 1.02] | 1 study · 6891 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs placebo Clinical efficacy (RR > 1 is favored) · Participants with acute bacterial conjunctivitis Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Microbiological efficacy (RR > 1 favored) · Participants with acute bacterial conjunctivitis Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Treatment incompletion (RR < 1 favored) · Participants with acute bacterial conjunctivitis Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.52, 0.78] | 13 studies · 5573 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Persistent clinical infection after one course of treatment (RR < 1 favored) · Participants with acute bacterial conjunctivitis Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.65, 0.81] | 19 studies · 5280 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Cost‐effectiveness of treatment · Participants with acute bacterial conjunctivitis Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs placebo Treatment‐associated ocular complications (RR < 1 or RD ≤ 0 favored) · Participants with acute bacterial conjunctivitis Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |