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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Major neurodevelopmental disability at school age · late preterm or term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cerebral palsy in infancy · late preterm or term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Developmental delay or intellectual impairment in infancy · late preterm or term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Blindness vision in infancy · late preterm or term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Sensorineural deafness in infancy requiring amplification · late preterm or term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures vs conservative treatment Hydrocephalus shunt · preterm infants less than three months of age with either: a) IVH demonstrated by ultrasound or computed tomography… Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.73, 1.26] | 3 studies · 233 participants | Moderate |
Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures vs conservative treatment Death · preterm infants less than three months of age with either: a) IVH demonstrated by ultrasound or computed tomography… Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.53, 1.44] | 4 studies · 280 participants | Low |
Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures vs conservative treatment Major disability in survivors · preterm infants less than three months of age with either: a) IVH demonstrated by ultrasound or computed tomography… Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.18] | 2 studies · 141 participants | High |
Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures vs conservative treatment Multiple disability in survivors · preterm infants less than three months of age with either: a) IVH demonstrated by ultrasound or computed tomography… Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.66, 1.24] | 2 studies · 141 participants | High |
Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures vs conservative treatment Death or disability · preterm infants less than three months of age with either: a) IVH demonstrated by ultrasound or computed tomography… Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.86, 1.14] | 2 studies · 180 participants | High |
Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures vs conservative treatment Death or shunt · preterm infants less than three months of age with either: a) IVH demonstrated by ultrasound or computed tomography… Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.75, 1.11] | 3 studies · 233 participants | Moderate |
Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures vs conservative treatment Infection of CSF presurgery · preterm infants less than three months of age with either: a) IVH demonstrated by ultrasound or computed tomography… Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [0.53, 5.67] | 2 studies · 195 participants | Low |
LCPUFA supplemented formula vs control formula Visual acuity/Teller cards at 12 months (cycles/degree) ‐ DHA and AA vs normal term formula · term infants Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 256 participants | Low |
LCPUFA supplemented formula vs control formula Sweep VEP acuity at 12 months (LogMAR) ‐ DHA and AA vs normal term formula · term infants Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 244 participants | Low |
LCPUFA supplemented formula vs control formula MDI scores (Bayley) at 18 months ‐ DHA and AA vs normal term formula · term infants Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term (2017) · Cochrane | MD 0.06 | 4 studies · 661 participants | Low |
LCPUFA supplemented formula vs control formula PDI scores (Bayley) at 18 months ‐ DHA and AA vs normal term formula · term infants Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term (2017) · Cochrane | MD 0.69 | 4 studies · 661 participants | Low |
LCPUFA supplemented formula vs control formula Weight at 12 months (z scores) ‐ DHA and AA vs normal term formula · term infants Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 521 participants | Low |
LCPUFA supplemented formula vs control formula Length at 12 months (z scores) ‐ DHA and AA vs normal term formula · term infants Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 521 participants | Low |
LCPUFA supplemented formula vs control formula Head circumference at 12 months (z scores) ‐ DHA and AA vs normal term formula · term infants Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 464 participants | Low |
Inhaled NO vs control Death or use of ECMO; studies that did not allow back‐up use of iNO in controls · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.57, 0.77] | 8 studies · 859 participants | High |
Inhaled NO at moderate vs severe criteria Use of ECMO before hospital discharge · infants born at or near term in respiratory failure Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.66, 1.54] | 4 studies · 439 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO at moderate vs severe criteria Progression to severe criteria · infants born at or near term in respiratory failure Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.55, 0.79] | 6 studies · 512 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO at moderate vs severe criteria Neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months among survivors · infants born at or near term in respiratory failure Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.74, 1.74] | 1 study · 234 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO vs control Death or use of ECMO; infants with diaphragmatic hernia · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.95, 1.26] | 2 studies · 84 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO vs control Death before hospital discharge; studies that did not allow back‐up use of iNO in controls · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.6, 1.31] | 8 studies · 860 participants | High |
Inhaled NO vs control Death before hospital discharge; infants with diaphragmatic hernia · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.74, 1.96] | 2 studies · 84 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO vs control Use of ECMO before hospital discharge; studies that did not allow back‐up use of iNO in controls · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.5, 0.71] | 7 studies · 815 participants | High |
Inhaled NO vs control Use of ECMO before hospital discharge; infants with diaphragmatic hernia · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1, 1.62] | 2 studies · 84 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO vs control Neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months among survivors · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.66, 1.44] | 2 studies · 301 participants | Low |
Inhaled NO at moderate vs severe criteria Death or requirement for ECMO · infants born at or near term in respiratory failure Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.62, 1.27] | 5 studies · 495 participants | Low |
Inhaled NO at moderate vs severe criteria Death before hospital discharge · infants born at or near term in respiratory failure Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.38, 1.26] | 5 studies · 495 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO vs control Death before discharge ‐ Studies with entry before 3 days based on oxygenation · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.89, 1.18] | 10 studies · 1066 participants | High |
Inhaled NO vs control Neurodevelopmental disability ‐ Studies with entry after 3 days based on BPD risk · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.74, 1.09] | 2 studies · 498 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO vs control Neurodevelopmental disability ‐ Studies of routine use in preterm infants on respiratory support · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.74, 1.13] | 3 studies · 1223 participants | High |
Inhaled NO vs control Death before discharge ‐ Studies with entry after 3 days based on BPD risk · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.81, 1.71] | 3 studies · 1075 participants | High |
Inhaled NO vs control Death before discharge ‐ Studies of routine use in preterm infants on respiratory support · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.74, 1.1] | 4 studies · 1924 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO vs control Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks ‐ Studies with entry before 3 days based on oxygenation · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.87, 1.01] | 8 studies · 958 participants | High |
Inhaled NO vs control Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks ‐ Studies with entry after 3 days based on BPD risk · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.85, 1.01] | 3 studies · 1075 participants | High |
Inhaled NO vs control Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks ‐ Studies of routine use in preterm infants on respiratory support · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.87, 1.02] | 4 studies · 1924 participants | High |
Inhaled NO vs control Intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) ‐ Studies with entry before 3 days based on oxygenation · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.98, 1.47] | 6 studies · 773 participants | High |
Inhaled NO vs control Intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) ‐ Studies of routine use in preterm infants on respiratory support · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.73, 1.09] | 4 studies · 1913 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled NO vs control Neurodevelopmental disability ‐ Studies with entry before 3 days based on oxygenation · respiratory failure in preterm infants Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.78, 1.4] | 2 studies · 208 participants | Moderate |
Early inhaled steroids (< 2 weeks) vs placebo (among all randomised) CLD at 36 weeks' PMA oxygen dependency at 36 weeks' PMA · very low birth weight preterm neonates Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in very low birth weight… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.62, 1.52] | 5 studies · 429 participants | Moderate |
Early inhaled steroids (< 2 weeks) vs placebo (among all randomised) Death by, or CLD at, 36 weeks' PMA Death or oxygen dependency at 36 weeks' PMA · very low birth weight preterm neonates Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in very low birth weight… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.75, 0.99] | 6 studies · 1285 participants | Moderate |
Early inhaled steroid (< 2 weeks) vs placebo (among survivors) CLD at 36 weeks' PMA · Very low birth weight preterm neonates Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in very low birth weight… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.63, 0.93] | 6 studies · 1088 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality during hospital stay · neonates requiring intubation and ventilation Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.4, 1.56] | 3 studies · 122 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Length of NICU stay (days) · neonates requiring intubation and ventilation Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (2017) · Cochrane | 5.4 [0.4, 10.5] | 2 studies · 89 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks' PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks' PMA. Lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996) · neonates requiring intubation and ventilation Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Poor neurological outcome by 28 days' postnatal age · neonates requiring intubation and ventilation Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.5, 3.56] | 1 study · 43 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks' PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks' PMA. Lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996) · neonates requiring intubation and ventilation Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (2017) · Cochrane | MD 1 | 1 study · 46 participants | Moderate |